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English: This diagram shows the metabolism of tryptophan to indole and indole derivatives in the colonic lumen. Clostridium sporogenes metabolizes indole into 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA), a highly potent neuroprotective antioxidant. In the intestine, IPA binds to pregnane X receptors (PXR) in intestinal cells, thereby facilitating mucosal homeostasis and barrier function. Following absorption and distribution to the brain, IPA confers a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. Lactobacillus species metabolize indole into indole-3-aldehyde (I3A) which acts on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in intestinal immune cells, in turn increasing interleukin-22 (IL-22) production. AhR activation markedly affects in gut immunity by supporting epithelial barrier function, increasing immune tolerance to commensal microbiota, and protecting against pathogenic infections. Indole itself acts as a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretagogue in intestinal L cells and as a ligand for AhR. Indole can also be metabolized by the liver to indoxyl sulfate, a compound that is detrimental to human health in high concentrations. Accumulation of indoxyl sulfate in blood plasma is toxic and associated with vascular disease and renal dysfunction. AST-120 (activated charcoal), an intestinal sorbent that is taken by mouth, adsorbs indole, in turn decreasing the concentration of indoxyl sulfate in blood plasma.
Date
Source Re-drawn from File:Microbiota-derived_3-Indolepropionic_acid.jpg; (April 2016). "Microbial metabolism of dietary components to bioactive metabolites: opportunities for new therapeutic interventions". Genome Med 8 (1): 46. DOI:10.1186/s13073-016-0296-x. PMID 27102537. PMC: 4840492. Figure 1: Molecular mechanisms of action of indole and its metabolites on host physiology and disease
Author User:Slashme, Zhang LS, Davies SS
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Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current03:23, 3 November 2017Thumbnail for version as of 03:23, 3 November 2017705 × 552 (94 KB)Seppi3331 last adjustment for the PXR ellipse
03:01, 3 November 2017Thumbnail for version as of 03:01, 3 November 2017705 × 552 (94 KB)Seppi333Slightly enlarged 3 ellipses corresponding to the tight junction, PXR, and AhR.
18:59, 2 November 2017Thumbnail for version as of 18:59, 2 November 2017705 × 552 (93 KB)SlashmeMove "tight junction" circle to the right as requested.
23:08, 1 November 2017Thumbnail for version as of 23:08, 1 November 2017705 × 552 (94 KB)Slashme{{Information |Description ={{en|1=This diagram shows the metabolism of tryptophan to indole and indole derivatives in the colonic lumen. ''Clostridium sporogenes'' metabolizes indole into [[:en:3-Indolepropionic acid|...

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