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Front Palace

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Viceroy of Siam
กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล
Second-longest reigning
Maha Sura Singhanat

1782–3 November 1803
StyleHis Royal Highness
Type
ResidenceFront Palace
AppointerMonarch
Term lengthLife tenure or until accession as Sovereign
Formation1438 (586 years ago) (1438)
First holderRamesuan
Final holderWichaichan
Abolished28 August 1885
(139 years ago)
 (1885-08-28)
SuccessionCrown Prince of Siam
Unofficial namesFront Palace lord
DeputyDeputy Viceroy of Siam
Prince Wichaichan, the last holder of the Front Palace title

Krom Phra Ratchawang Bowon Sathan Mongkhon กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล, colloquially known as the Front Palace (Thai: วังหน้า, RTGSWang Na), was the title of the uparaja of Siam, variously translated as "viceroy", "vice king" or "Lord/Prince of the Front Palace", as the titleholder resided in the physical residence of the same name. The office of Front Palace was considered second only to the king and regarded as the heir presumptive. The name, with its dual meaning, originated in the Ayutthaya period, and the holder later gained significant powers during the Rattanakosin period. Front Palace occupants were usually a son or brother of the reigning monarch. The office existed until the death of the last occupant, Prince Wichaichan, in 1885. King Chulalongkorn then abolished the office of an heir presumptive, introducing in its stead the Western concept of a crown prince as heir apparent, and styled the new office "Crown Prince of Siam".[1]

Ayutthaya period

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The Uparaja or Uparat concept of a Viceroy was of Greater Indian origin. In 1448, Sukhothai King Trailokkanat of was crowned as the king of Ayutthaya, uniting the two kingdoms. During the 15th century, the Kingdom of Sukhothai, centered on Phitsanulok, served as the seat of most of Uparats, as they were, with few exceptions, also king of Sukhothai. After the first fall of Ayutthaya in 1569, Maha Thammaracha crowned his son Naresuan as Uparat and king of Sukhothai/Phitsanulok. Naresuan then had a palace built in front of his Royal Palace, to be his son's place of residence when visiting Ayutthaya—thereby giving rise to the name "Front Palace." In 1583, Naresuan annexed the Sukhothai kingdom to Ayutthaya, and Phitsanulok ceased to be the seat of the Uparat. After his coronation, Naresuan appointed his brother Ekathotsarot to be the Uparat, stating that his brother in the Front Palace had equal status to the King in the Royal Palace.

Phetracha in 1688 appointed his son Luang Sorasak (later Sanpet VIII) as the Uparat living at the Front Palace. For the first time the descriptive term used was "Krom Phrarajawang Bovorn Sathan Mongkol" (Thai: กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล) (lit. The Great Auspicious Place). The Uparat was usually the brother of the king, and only heir presumptive to the throne, not heir apparent. This created an air of uncertainty about the succession upon the death of the king; keeping the heir close at hand in the Great Auspicious Place proved a means for keeping an eye on him, lest he presume too much. When the Uparat died before the king, the title often remained vacant for several years, until the King deigns to appoint a new vice-king.

Rattanakosin period

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The Front Palace or Wang Na (circa 1890), now the Bangkok National Museum

With the foundation of the Chakri dynasty in 1782, Phutthayotfa Chulalok made his younger brother Bunma the Front Palace (as Maha Sura Singhanat). Maha Sura Singhanat supervised the construction of Front Palace in Bangkok. Later Front Palaces continued the expansion of the palace. Prince Itsarasunthon was the only Front Palace who did not reside in the Front Palace but instead lived at the Thonburi Palace. Ironically, with the exception of Prince Itsarasunthon (who succeeded to the throne as Phutthaloetla Naphalai), none of the Rattanakosin Front Palaces were actually crowned as they were mostly the monarch's siblings. During this time the Vice-King resided in the Front Palace (วังหน้า: Wang Na) north of the Grand Palace, which is now the main building of the Bangkok National Museum.

The Front Palaces during the Rattanakosin period wielded great power, with their own private army and even a navy. In 1851, King Mongkut made his brother Pinklao the Front Palace and then crowned him as a King equal in rank to himself, as was the case of Naresuan and Ekatotsarot. Pinklao also received all the styles and titles usually reserved only for the monarch; to Europeans he refers to himself as the Second King. In 1868, after the coronation of young Chulalongkorn, his regent Sri Suriwongse arranged the grant of the title of Front Palace to Pinklao's son Prince Yingyot as Front Palace Wichaichan.

Though the office had been superseded, Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince Father was posthumously given an equivalent rank.[2]

End to the system

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The conflicts between the reformist King Chulalongkorn and conservative Vice King came to a head in the so-called Front Palace Crisis in 1874—a fire in the Grand Palace was attributed to the Vice-King Wichaichan, who sought protection in the British consulate. The crisis started due to the fast-paced reforms started by the young King Chulalongkorn. As a result, the reforms were stalled for several years, and when the Vice King died in 1885, the whole Uparat system was abolished by the King. Instead he named his son as heir and Crown Prince.

List of Front Palace lords

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Ayutthaya

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Front Palace Appointed by Relation to the monarch Reign Ascension or Death
Ramesuan Borommarachathirat II Son 1438–1448 as Borommatrailokkanat
Chetta Borommatrailokkanat Son 1485–1488 as Ramathibodi II
Chetta Borommarachathirat III Younger brother 1488–1491 as Ramathibodi II
Chairacha Ramathibodi II Brother 1526–1529 as Borommarachathirat IV
Chan Worawongsathirat Younger brother 1548 (42 days) Assassinated
Ramesuan Maha Chakkraphat Son 1548–1563 Died
Mahin Maha Chakkraphat Son 1564–1568 as Mahinthrathirat
Naresuan Maha Thammaracha Son 1571–1590 as Sanphet II (Naresuan the Great)
Ekathotsarot Naresuan the Great Younger brother 1590–1605 as Sanpet III (Ekathotsarot)
Sutat Ekathotsarot Son 1605–1610 Died
Si Sorarak Songtham Son 1620 (10 days) Died
Narai Si Suthammaracha Nephew 1656 (2 months 17 days) as Ramathibodi III (Narai the Great)
Sorasak Phetracha Son 1688–1703 as Sanphet VIII (Suriyenthrathibodi)
Phet Suriyenthrathibodi Son 1703–1708 as Sanphet IX (Thai Sa)
Phon Thai Sa Brother 1708–1732 as Borommakot
Senaphithak Borommakot Son 1732–1746 Executed
Phonphinit Borommakot Son 1757–1758 as Uthumphon

Thonburi

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Front Palace Appointed by Relation to the monarch Reign Ascension or Death
Inthraphithak Taksin Son –1782 Executed

Rattanakosin

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Front Palace Appointed by Relation to the monarch Reign Ascension or Death
Maha Sura Singhanat Phutthayotfa Chulalok Brother 1782–1803 Died
Itsarasunthon Phutthayotfa Chulalok Son 1806–1809 as Phutthaloetla Naphalai
Maha Senanurak Phutthaloetla Naphalai Brother 1809–1817 Died
Sakdiphonlasep Nangklao Uncle 1824–1832 Died
Pinklao Mongkut Brother 1851–1866 Crowned as co-ruler with Mongkut
Wichaichan Chulalongkorn Cousin 1868–1885 Died, title abolished

With the death of Wichaichan, Chulalongkorn did not appoint any new Front Palaces. In 1886, Chulalongkorn made his son Prince Maha Vajirunhis, "Crown Prince of Siam", therefore abolishing the title of Front Palace altogether.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "HM Second King Pinklao". Soravij. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
  2. ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศเฉลิมพระนามาภิไธย สมเด็จพระบรมราชชนก และ สมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนี, เล่ม ๘๗, ตอน ๕๒, ๑๒ มิถุนายน พ.ศ. ๒๕๑๓, ฉบับพิเศษ หน้า ๑