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LGBTQ people in the United States

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For other uses, see LGBTQ in the United States (disambiguation).
Fight the Ban rally, Washington, DC, 2019

In the United States, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people have a long history, including vibrant subcultures and advocacy battles for social and religious acceptance and legal rights.

Though the first national gay organization was formed in 1950, the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City are often cited as the beginning of the modern gay civil rights era.[1] The AIDS crisis in the 1980s was a large influence on gay communities and activism. In the late 20th century, social acceptance began to increase, and legal rights followed.

Military policy was changed in 2011, allowing LGB people to serve openly. Social conservatives briefly had success outlawing same-sex marriage at the state level in the 2000s, but the U.S. Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage nationwide in 2015.

History

[edit]
We'wha was a Zuni Native American lhamana from New Mexico. Lhamana are biologically male people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture
Main article: LGBTQ history in the United States

There are varying accounts of the place LGBT people occupied in pre-Columbian era Native American tribes.[2] In modern parlance, the term Two-Spirit is often used to describe Native American LGBT people. There were (and are) hundreds of different tribes across the US, each with its own culture, thus acknowledgement and acceptance of and social roles for LGBT people varied across tribes.[3] In the reservation era, Christian missionaries and European government agencies denounced homosexuality and gender variance, forcing LGBT people to adopt social roles and dress considered appropriate, such as making males cut their hair and making females wear dresses. Though the violence and intimidation enacted by the church and government were disproportionately directed at Native Americans, both Native and non-Native LGBT people often lived in hiding to avoid being incarcerated or killed because homosexuality was a criminal offense.[3][4]

The first person known to describe himself as a drag queen was William Dorsey Swann, born enslaved in Hancock, Maryland. Swann was the first American on record who pursued legal and political action to defend the LGBTQ community's right to assemble.[5] During the 1880s and 1890s, Swann organized a series of drag balls in Washington, D.C.. Swann was arrested in police raids numerous times, including in the first documented case of arrests for female impersonation in the United States, on April 12, 1888.[6]

Story on gay fathers published in May 1983 Life Magazine

LGBT acceptance had shown slow improvement in the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. The first documented gay rights organization in American, the Society for Human Rights, was founded in Chicago in 1924 by Henry Gerber, a German-American activist inspired by the progress made by Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin.[7] The organization published two issues of a magazine, Friendship and Freedom, but was short-lived due to police harassment and legal challenges.[8]

In the 1950s, there was both greater organization within the LGBTQ community and greater government repression, known as the Lavender Scare. In 1950, the first national gay organization was founded in Los Angeles. The Mattachine Society was a leader in the homophile movement of the 1950s and '60s. The organization rapidly lost popularity in the late '60s before ultimately filing for bankruptcy in 1976.[9] The Mattachine formally opposed the Stonewall riots and put up a sign pleading for peace, which created tension between members who advocated for assimilationist versus radical tactics. The radicals broke off to form the Gay Liberation Front, while Mattachine membership continued to decline.[9]

The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that occurred across five nights in June – early July 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City. Although the demonstrations were not the first time American homosexuals fought back against government-sponsored persecution of sexual minorities, the Stonewall riots marked a new beginning for the gay rights movement and gay liberation in the United States and around the world.[7] The first gay pride parade, then called Christoper Street Liberation Day, was held on June 28, 1970, the anniversary of the first night of the riots.

The riots ushered in a new era of open advocacy for gay rights. The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM and more states began decriminalizing sodomy.[7] In the 1970s, activists lobbied for a number of anti-discrimination bills in their local communities. After an initial wave of success, the late '70s saw a backlash led by Anita Bryant's Save Our Children campaign, wherein a number of recently-passed bills were repealed. This decade saw the election of the first politicians to run as openly gay candidates, including Kathy Kozachenko, Elaine Noble, and Harvey Milk. In addition, while the early days of the gay movement were dominated by white gay males, the movement became more diverse in the 1970s with the formation of groups like Lavender Menace and Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries.[10]

A large crowd of people is gathered behind a black banner that reads "ACT UP" between two pink triangles.
Members of ACT UP NY protest in Manhattan.

There were more rapid changes with HIV/AIDS crisis activism in the 1980s. The disease disproportionately affected gay men, leading to mass mortality within the community. Among gay men who were between the ages of 25-44 at the start of the epidemic, 1 in 10 had died of AIDS-related complications by 1995.[11] Among the most visible groups of this time period was the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), founded by author and activist Larry Kramer in 1985. The group lobbied for more research, funding, and treatment options for HIV/AIDS due to perceived apathy from the Reagan administration.[11] A number of writers, artists and entertainers publicly acknowledged their homosexuality.

In the 1990s, the popular media began including gay characters. Ellen was cancelled in 1998, shortly after both the main character and her namesake star came out as a lesbian, making the series the first to have a gay main character.[12] That same year, Will & Grace premiered. The cast and crew feared that it would be cancelled as well, but the series was well-received and went on for an initial eight-season run. The show is widely seen as having created the opportunity for future series with gay leads, and for helping to increase public acceptance of the LGBTQ community.[13]

The socially conservative Don't Ask Don't Tell policy (DADT) and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) were two of the highest-profile policy changes affecting LGBTQ people in the 1990s. At the time, DADT was seen as a compromise between the traditionally conservative military, which had banned homosexuals from service from its inception, and the Democratic Party, which increasingly favored ending the ban. DADT barred military officers not inquire into soldiers' sexual orientation, while also prohibiting soldiers from coming out.[14] DOMA was passed in response to a number of states passing laws protecting domestic partnerships for same-sex couples, as well as speculation that Hawai'i might legalize gay marriage. Under DOMA, neither the federal government nor any other state was required to recognize a same-sex marriage performed in another state, excepting gay marriages from the full faith and credit clause.[15] DADT was dropped in 2011, and DOMA was ruled unconstitutional in 2013.

Anti-sodomy laws were ruled unconstitutional in 2003, making it legal throughout the nation for consenting adults to have sex with a person of the same gender. Throughout the 2000s and 2010s, states began legalizing same-sex marriage. By 2015, 37 states had voted to legalize same-sex marriage. Obergefell v. Hodges ruled the remaining laws restricting marriage to heterosexual couples unconstitutional, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide.[16]

Official church positions on LGBT issues have been slower to change and mostly among mainstream Protestant denominations.

Communities

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The Mattachine Society

[edit]
Main article: Mattachine Society

In 1950, a gay community in Los Angeles with communist ideals founded the movement "The Mattachine Society". It began in 1940 when a man named Harry Hay proposed the term the term homophile, with the hope that de-emphasizing the sexual aspect of homosexuality would increase societal acceptance.[17] The Mattachine Society originated under the name "International Bachelors Fraternal Orders for Peace and Social Dignity." The new name was founded by the influence of European masked performers. The main goal of this movement was to go against discrimination and create a strong identity within the gay community. The goals started to change into assimilation instead of advocation and the group started to decline from being a national organization to smaller chapters in the 1950s.[18]

While never officially affiliated with the Mattachine Society, One Magazine is thought to have been started based on a discussion in a Mattachine Meeting.[19]

The Lesbian Movement

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Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon kissing in the aftermath of their wedding in San Francisco, 2004
Main article: Feminist separatism

In 1955 in San Francisco, Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon founded Daughters of Bilitis, part of the homophile movement, to create lesbian community. The organization was intended to be a safe space for lesbians and to advocate. It was influenced by The Mattachine Society and other groups.[20]

In the early 1970s, lesbian activists created their own communities and institutions including self defense schools. Many of their activities were separate from the broader feminist movement and from the gay men's movement. In the late 1970s, the lesbian movement dwindled due to the economic recession, and it generally integrated with the broader gay movement.[21]

Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries

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Main article: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries

Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), founded in 1970 by Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson, provided housing and support to homeless LGBT youth in Lower Manhattan.[22] Rivera and Johnson funded the organization largely through sex work, becoming known as the "mothers" of the household.[23] Initially focused on housing, STAR later advocated for trans recognition in the gay liberation movement, leaving a legacy of resilience and advocacy.[24] Rivera briefly revived STAR in 2001 as Street Transgender Action Revolutionaries, continuing the fight for transgender rights until her death in 2002.[25][26]

Rights

[edit]
Main article: LGBTQ rights in the United States

LGBT rights in the US have evolved over time and vary on a state-by-state basis. Sexual acts between persons of the same sex have been legal nationwide in the US since 2003, pursuant to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Lawrence v. Texas.

Anti-discrimination laws vary by state. Same-sex marriage is legal in every state, pursuant to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges. Hate crimes based on sexual orientation or gender identity are also punishable by federal law under the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009.

Adoption policies in regards to gay and lesbian parents also vary greatly from state to state. Some allow adoption by same-sex couples, while others ban all "unmarried couples" from adoption.

Family rights after 1980

[edit]
Boston gay pride march, held annually in June

With the withering and downfall of sodomy laws on a state-by-state basis after 1960, LGBT rights activists began to develop increasingly detailed demands and campaigns for legal equality at all levels of government, a process which has been incremental in each jurisdiction. In 1984, Berkeley, California became the first jurisdiction to recognize same-sex unions of any type (then in the form of domestic partnership health benefits for city employees). In 1999, California passed its domestic partnership law, becoming the first state to recognize same-sex unions; Vermont became the first state to legalize civil unions (often seen as a reduced version of full marriage rights).

However, following the Stonewall riots, the social conservative movement in the United States became increasingly defined by its opposition against rights for LGBT people. The most pre-eminent laws advocated at the federal level by social conservative politicians in the 1990s include Don't ask, don't tell, a continued restriction upon the service of LGBT persons in the United States Armed Forces, and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defines marriage as a heterosexual-exclusive institution and bars the federal government from recognizing same-sex unions enacted by municipal, state or foreign governments. These were followed by the passage in the 2000s of state-level statutory and constitutional prohibitions of legal recognition of same-sex marriages or unions of any type.

The most controversial moment in the history of the movement for same-sex marriage rights took place in California during the period from May 2008, when the State Supreme Court abrogated Proposition 22, which barred the state from legalizing same-sex marriage, as unconstitutional, to November 2008, when Proposition 8, a proposition against the court ruling brought by social conservatives, passed with 53% of the vote. Protests against the vote and its outcome ensued nationwide among pro-LGBT rights activists, media personalities and politicians, resulting in Hollingsworth v. Perry, a Supreme Court challenge to the constitutionality of Proposition 8 which ultimately struck down the initiative.

On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that states must license and recognize same-sex marriages. Consequently, same-sex marriage is legal in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Northern Mariana Islands. Currently, same-sex marriages are neither licensed nor recognized in American Samoa, due to its unique constitutional status. The legal status of same-sex marriage also varies in Native American tribal nations, as their reservations are considered sovereign entities and were not affected by the Supreme Court's legalization in 2015.

In December 2022, the final version of the bill Respect for Marriage Act repealed DOMA, requiring all U.S. states to recognize the validity of existing same-sex marriages. The law divided American religious groups morally opposed to same-sex marriage;[27] it was supported by some as a suitable compromise between the rights of LGBT couples and religious liberty,[28] a position that was taken by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,[29] but was prominently opposed by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Southern Baptist Convention due to their views on sexual ethics.[27] Religious groups that supported the bill in support of their LGBT parishioners include the Episcopal Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Union for Reform Judaism, the Reformed Church in America, the United Church of Christ, and the Presbyterian Church (USA).[30][31]

Hate crimes

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Current U.S. LGBT hate crimes laws by state. A national hate crimes law encompasses both sexual orientation and gender identity.
  Sexual orientation and gender identity recognized in state hate crimes law
  Sexual orientation recognized in state hate crimes law
  Sexual orientation recognized for data collection about hate crimes
  State hate crimes law uninclusive of sexual orientation or gender identity

Even after the decriminalization of same-sex sexual activity, LGBT persons have continued to be targeted—violently and non-violently—by individuals who claim any degree of emotional or religious motivation for their crimes. This phenomenon has been variously attributed to the influence of institutional and authoritarian homophobia in various environments. The torture and murder of University of Wyoming student Matthew Shepard in 1998 became a rallying moment for activism against hate crimes, and the landmark Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act was passed in 2009 under President Barack Obama; the Act was also the first federal legislation of any purpose to specifically refer to transgender persons. Anti-bullying and anti-hate crime movements increasingly focus on bias against sexual orientation and gender identity.

The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 required data collection about crimes motivated by biases that included "sexual orientation."[32] Since then, the FBI has produced an annual report with relevant statistics. In 2013, the FBI's hate crime report began separately considering bias against "gender identity" and "gender" for the first time.[33]

National data collection can be complicated by inconsistent reporting requirements on the state level. For example, as of 2019, 37 states still do not have anti-bias statutes for crimes based on gender identity.[34]

The FBI reports show that, throughout the 21st century, bias against sexual orientation has consistently accounted for between one-seventh and one-fifth of all reported incidents that were motivated by a single bias.

# Single-bias

incidents

% Sexual

orientation

% Gender

identity

% Gender
2000[32] 8,055 16.1 – –
2001[35] 9,721 14.3 -- –
2002[36] 7,459 16.7 -- –
2003[37] 7,485 16.6 -- –
2004[38] 7,642 15.7 -- –
2005[39] 7,160 14.2 -- –
2006[40] 7,720 15.5 -- –
2007[41] 7,621 16.6 -- –
2008[42] 7,780 16.7 -- –
2009[43] 6,598 18.5 -- –
2010[44] 6,624 19.3 -- –
2011[45] 6,216 20.8 -- –
2012[46] 5,790 19.6 -- –
2013[47] 5,922 20.8 0.5 0.3
2014[48] 5,462 18.6 1.8 0.6
2015[49] 5,818 18.1 2.0 0.4
2016[50] 6,063 17.7 2.0 0.5
2017[51] 7,106 15.9 1.7 0.6
2018[52] 7,036 17.0 2.4 0.7
2019[53] 7,103 16.7 2.7 0.9
2020[54] 8,052 20.0 2.7 0.7
2021[55] 10,530 15.9 3.2 1.0
2022[56] 11,288 17.2 4.0 0.9
2023[57] 11,447 18.4 4.1 0.9

Violence

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Main article: History of violence against LGBT people in the United States

Violence against LGBT people in the US is made up of assaults on gay men, lesbians, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex individuals (LGBTQI), legal responses to such violence, and hate crime statistics in the United States of America. Gay men are victimized by homophobic violence at a much higher rate than other identities within the LGBTQ umbrella.[58][59] Those targeted by such violence are often perceived to violate heteronormative rules and contravene perceived protocols of gender and sexual roles. While this violence is sometimes narrowly termed homophobia or gay bashing, combating it is often understood as part of a broader struggle for human rights.

The Transgender Day of Remembrance is organized annually to honor transgender victims of murder.

Anti-bullying activism

[edit]

In 2009–2010, a number of suicides by teenage and young adult Americans who were victims of sexual orientation- or gender expression-related bullying by fellow students garnered headlines, bringing to the fore a debate on bullying in schools and other environments. In response, Seattle-area opinion columnist and rights activist Dan Savage participated with his husband in the making of a video which encouraged children and teenagers to resist and overcome peer bullying, inaugurating an ongoing series of videos by politicians, media personalities, business leaders, activists and others both within and outside the United States listed under the It Gets Better Project.[60]

Interest groups

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Main articles: List of LGBT rights organizations in the United States and List of LGBT organizations that affiliate with political parties

The wide array of LGBT-related organizations in the United States includes National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE), Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG), Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), Human Rights Campaign (HRC), National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF or "the Task Force"), Empowering Spirits Foundation (Empowering Spirits or ESF),[61] Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund, Safe Space America,[62] Independent Gay Forum, and many local LGBT community centers.

Freedom to Marry was the leading advocate for same-sex marriage; the organization closed after same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide. Some of the original staff from Freedom to Marry moved to a new organization called Freedom for All Americans, which now seeks to "adapt the multi-level and multi-prong strategies" of the marriage equality movement to a movement for "a broader array of LGBT rights and protections," according to Courtenay W. Daum.[63]

Support in schools

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Main article: Gay–straight alliance

Since the 1980s, Gay Straight Alliance organizations have helped students and teachers and provide resources to their institutions. The 1984 Federal Equal Access Act prohibits schools receiving federal funding from discriminating between clubs. This law has been used in legal challenges to reverse school bans against GSAs. Research has shown that LGBTQ adolescents feel safer and more included when they belong to these groups. Presence of a GSA on campus has been shown to increase LGBTQ student wellbeing and educational attainment.[64]

Religion

[edit]
Main articles: LGBT-affirming Christian denominations and LGBT-affirming Jewish denominations

Christian denominations that have long supported same-sex marriage include the Unitarian Universalist Association, the Episcopal Church, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.),[65] the Reformed Church in America, the United Church of Christ, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and the Metropolitan Community Church.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Metcalf, Meg. "Research Guides: LGBTQIA+ Studies: A Resource Guide: The Mattachine Society". guides.loc.gov. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  2. ^ "'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes". Rewire News Group. October 13, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  3. ^ a b Harlan Pruden, Se-ah-dom Edmo (November 1, 2012). "Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America" (PDF). National Congress of American Indians. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  4. ^ "Encyclopedia of the Great Plains | BERDACHE". plainshumanities.unl.edu. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  5. ^ Joseph, Channing Gerard (January 31, 2020). "The First Drag Queen Was a Former Slave". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  6. ^ Heloise Wood (July 9, 2018). "'Extraordinary' tale of 'first' drag queen to Picador". The Bookseller. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c "Milestones in the American Gay Rights Movement | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  8. ^ Kepner, Jim; Murray, Stephen O. (2002). "Henry Gerber (1895–1972): Grandfather of the American Gay Rights Movement". In Bullough, Vern L. (ed.). Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. New York: Harrington Park Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press. ISBN 1560231939.
  9. ^ a b "The Mattachine Society, and the Post-Stonewall Shift - Village Preservation". www.villagepreservation.org. July 16, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  10. ^ "1970s - Explore a Decade in LGBTQ+ History | Pride & Progress". www.prideandprogress.org. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  11. ^ a b Rosenfeld, Dr. Dana (February 19, 2018). "The AIDS epidemic's lasting impact on gay men". The British Academy. Archived from the original on August 2, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  12. ^ "ABC cancels Ellen - Apr. 24, 1998". money.cnn.com. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  13. ^ Garvey, Marianne (September 21, 2023). "'Will & Grace' is turning 25 but remains timeless". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  14. ^ Henry, Carmel. "A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States". library.law.howard.edu. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  15. ^ "Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  16. ^ Chappell, Bill (June 26, 2015). "Supreme Court Declares Same-Sex Marriage Legal in All 50 States". NPR. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  17. ^ Making History. "The Homophile Movement". University of Missouri, Kansas City. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  18. ^ "Mattachine Society – Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  19. ^ Metcalf, Meg. "Research Guides: LGBTQIA+ Studies: A Resource Guide: One, Inc". guides.loc.gov. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  20. ^ "Daughters of Bilitis – FoundSF". www.foundsf.org. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  21. ^ History of Gay Rights Movement in U.S. Archived November 18, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "Feature Doc 'Pay It No Mind: The Life & Times of Marsha P. Johnson' Released Online. Watch It". Indiewire. December 26, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  23. ^ Trap Door: Trans Cultural Production and the Politics of Visibily. ed Reina Gossett, Eric A. Stanely, and Johannah Burton. "Trans History in a Moment of Danger: Organizing Within and Beyond 'Visibility' in the 1970s" by Abram J. Lewis
  24. ^ Cohen, Stephan L. (2007). The Gay Youth Liberation Movement in New York: 'An Army of Lovers Cannot Fail'. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0203940570.
  25. ^ Rivera, Sylvia (2002). Queens in Exile, the Forgotten Ones. Los Angeles: Alyson Books. p. 67. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  26. ^ Beard, Lisa (2023). If we were kin: race, identification, and intimate political appeals. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-751732-1.
  27. ^ a b Crary, David (November 16, 2022). "Faith groups split over bill to protect same-sex marriage". Associated Press. Retrieved November 17, 2022. Among U.S. faith leaders and denominations, there are sharp differences over the bill advancing in the Senate that would protect same-sex and interracial marriages in federal law ... On Tuesday, one of the most prominent conservative-leaning denominations – The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – came out in favor of the legislation. But the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops and leaders of the Southern Baptist Convention remain opposed ...
  28. ^ Esbeck, Carl (November 17, 2022). "Everything You Need to Know About the Respect for Marriage Act". Christianity Today. Retrieved November 18, 2022. Rather than just say no to RMA, a small collective of faith groups moved quickly in the Senate to see if the act could be brought into balance. A few senators from both parties who were keen on doing just that helped. After adding in a measure of religious liberty protections, the Senate substitute of the House bill passed the higher chamber earlier this week, 62–37. Churches, Christian colleges, K-12 religious schools, and faith-based social service providers can take comfort in these boundary lines. All in all, RMA is a modest but good day's work. It shows that religious liberty champions and LGBT advocates can work together for the common good. It says to the original House bill, 'If a bill is about us, it has to be with us.' And it shows that Congress can still legislate, not just be a gaggle of egos who go to Washington to perform but never fix.
  29. ^ Dias, Elizabeth (November 16, 2022). "Mormon Church Backs Bill Supporting Same-Sex Marriage". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  30. ^ Brumley, Jeff (December 6, 2022). "BJC leaders say religious liberty fears about Respect for Marriage Act are overdrawn". Baptist News. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  31. ^ "Multifaith Statement of Support" (PDF).
  32. ^ a b "2000 Hate Crime Statistics". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  33. ^ "2013 Hate Crime Statistics". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  34. ^ Lang, Nico (November 12, 2019). "Hate Crime Murders Are Highest Ever Recorded by FBI". www.out.com. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  35. ^ "FBI Uniform Crime Report 2001". Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  36. ^ "FBI Uniform Crime Report 2002". Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  37. ^ "FBI Uniform Crime Report 2003". Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  38. ^ "Hate2004". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  39. ^ "Hate Crime 2005". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  40. ^ "Hate Crime 2006". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  41. ^ "Hate Crime 2007". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  42. ^ "Hate Crime 2008". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  43. ^ "Hate Crime 2009". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
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  46. ^ "Incidents and Offenses 2012". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  47. ^ "Incidents and Offenses 2013". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  48. ^ "Incidents and Offenses 2014". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  49. ^ "Incidents and Offenses 2015". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  50. ^ "Incidents and Offenses 2016". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  51. ^ "Incidents and Offenses 2017". FBI. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  52. ^ "2018 Hate Crime Statistics Released". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  53. ^ "Hate Crimes | 2019 Hate Crimes Statistics". www.justice.gov. November 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  54. ^ "Hate Crimes | 2020 Hate Crime Statistics". www.justice.gov. November 9, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  55. ^ "Hate Crimes | 2021 Hate Crime Statistics". www.justice.gov. December 12, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  56. ^ "Hate Crimes | United States Department of Justice | Hate Crimes | Facts and Statistics". www.justice.gov. October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  57. ^ "Hate Crimes | Facts and Statistics". www.justice.gov. September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  58. ^ "Infographic: How Common Are Hate Crimes Against Queer People?". Statista Daily Data. May 16, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  59. ^ Flores, Andrew R.; Stotzer, Rebecca L.; Meyer, Ilan H.; Langton, Lynn L. (December 21, 2022). "Hate crimes against LGBT people: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017-2019". PLOS ONE. 17 (12): e0279363. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1779363F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279363. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9770371. PMID 36542637.
  60. ^ "'It Gets Better': How a viral video fueled a movement for LGBTQ youth". NBC News. September 21, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  61. ^ "The Empowering Spirits Foundation: Bridging the gap between the LGBT community and non-LGBT neighbors". San Diego Gay & Lesbian News. January 29, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  62. ^ "SAFE SPACE AMERICA". SAFE SPACE AMERICA. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  63. ^ Daum, Courtenay W. (May 15, 2018). "Putting the T Back in LGBTQ? Trans* activism and interests after marriage equality.". In DeFilippis, Joseph Nicholas; Michael W. Yarbrough; Angela Jones (eds.). Queer Activism After Marriage Equality. Routledge. p. 238. ISBN 9781351365567.
  64. ^ Toomey, Russell B.; Ryan, Caitlin; Diaz, Rafael M.; Russell, Stephen T. (November 7, 2011). "High School Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) and Young Adult Well-Being: An Examination of GSA Presence, Participation, and Perceived Effectiveness". Applied Developmental Science. 15 (4): 175–185. doi:10.1080/10888691.2011.607378. ISSN 1088-8691. PMC 3217265. PMID 22102782.
  65. ^ "Sexuality and Same-Gender Relationships". Presbyterian Mission Agency. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
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