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Rencontres numbers

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In combinatorics, the rencontres numbers are a triangular array of integers that enumerate permutations of the set { 1, ..., n } with specified numbers of fixed points: in other words, partial derangements. (Rencontre is French for encounter. By some accounts, the problem is named after a solitaire game.) For n ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ k ≤ n, the rencontres number Dnk is the number of permutations of { 1, ..., n } that have exactly k fixed points.

For example, if seven presents are given to seven different people, but only two are destined to get the right present, there are D7, 2 = 924 ways this could happen. Another often cited example is that of a dance school with 7 couples, where, after tea-break the participants are told to randomly find a partner to continue, then once more there are D7, 2 = 924 possibilities that 2 previous couples meet again by chance.

Numerical values

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Here is the beginning of this array (sequence A008290 in the OEIS):

 k
n 
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1
1 0 1
2 1 0 1
3 2 3 0 1
4 9 8 6 0 1
5 44 45 20 10 0 1
6 265 264 135 40 15 0 1
7 1854 1855 924 315 70 21 0 1
8 14833 14832 7420 2464 630 112 28 0 1

Formulas

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The numbers in the k = 0 column enumerate derangements. Thus

for non-negative n. It turns out that

where the ratio is rounded up for even n and rounded down for odd n. For n ≥ 1, this gives the nearest integer.

More generally, for any , we have

The proof is easy after one knows how to enumerate derangements: choose the k fixed points out of n; then choose the derangement of the other n − k points.

The numbers Dn,0/(n!) are generated by the power series ez/(1 − z); accordingly, an explicit formula for Dnm can be derived as follows:

This immediately implies that

for n large, m fixed.

Probability distribution

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The sum of the entries in each row for the table in "Numerical Values" is the total number of permutations of { 1, ..., n }, and is therefore n!. If one divides all the entries in the nth row by n!, one gets the probability distribution of the number of fixed points of a uniformly distributed random permutation of { 1, ..., n }. The probability that the number of fixed points is k is

For n ≥ 1, the expected number of fixed points is 1 (a fact that follows from linearity of expectation).

More generally, for i ≤ n, the ith moment of this probability distribution is the ith moment of the Poisson distribution with expected value 1.[1] For i > n, the ith moment is smaller than that of that Poisson distribution. Specifically, for i ≤ n, the ith moment is the ith Bell number, i.e. the number of partitions of a set of size i.

Limiting probability distribution

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As the size of the permuted set grows, we get

This is just the probability that a Poisson-distributed random variable with expected value 1 is equal to k. In other words, as n grows, the probability distribution of the number of fixed points of a random permutation of a set of size n approaches the Poisson distribution with expected value 1.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Jim Pitman, "Some Probabilistic Aspects of Set Partitions", American Mathematical Monthly, volume 104, number 3, March 1997, pages 201–209.
  • Riordan, John, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, New York, Wiley, 1958, pages 57, 58, and 65.
  • Weisstein, Eric W. "Partial Derangements". MathWorld.