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1979 Saint Elias earthquake

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Coordinates: 60°38′31″N 141°35′35″W / 60.642°N 141.593°W / 60.642; -141.593
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1979 Saint Elias earthquake
1979 Saint Elias earthquake is located in Alaska
1979 Saint Elias earthquake
UTC time1979-02-28 21:27:06
ISC event670396
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date28 February 1979 (1979-02-28)
Local time12:27:06 AKST
MagnitudeMw 7.4–7.6
Depth15.0 km (9.3 mi)
EpicenterGranite Mountains, 60°38′31″N 141°35′35″W / 60.642°N 141.593°W / 60.642; -141.593[1]
TypeThrust
Areas affectedAlaska, Yukon
Total damageLimited
Max. intensityMMI VII (Very strong)
Peak acceleration0.16 g
AftershocksYes
CasualtiesNone

The 1979 Saint Elias earthquake affected Alaska at 12:27 AKST on 28 February. The thrust-faulting Mw 7.4–7.6 earthquake had an epicenter in the Granite Mountains. Though the maximum recorded Modified Mercalli intensity was VII (Very strong), damage was minimal and there were no casualties due to the remoteness of the faulting. The epicenter lies near the Alaskan border between the United States and Canada.[1]

Tectonic setting

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In the Saint Elias region, the North American plate and Yakutat Terrane converges with the Pacific Plate. Active subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath North America happens west of the area along the Aleutian Trench while strike-slip faulting between the two plates occurrs to the east on the Queen Charlotte Fault. Faults in the Saint Elias region exhibit thrust and reverse slip while there is localised strike-slip deformation evident in some earthquake fault plane solutions.[2] The Saint Elias area is located in the transition area between the zones of convergence and strike-slip plate motions. This area was also the location of two large earthquakes in 1899. Aside from the earthquake of 1979, no other major earthquakes have occurred in the Saint Elias region since 1899, and the 1964 and 1958 earthquakes ruptured adjacent segments of the plate boundary. This part of the plate boundary, dubbed the Yakataga Gap, extends 250 km (160 mi) across, where great earthquakes of magnitudes 8.0 or larger have a recurrence interval of 80 years. Only a section of this gap ruptured during the 1979 earthquake.[3]

Earthquake

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On the surface-wave magnitude (Ms ) scale, the earthquake measured between 7.1 and 7.7.[1][4] Its moment magnitude (Mw ) was evaluated to be 7.4–7.6.[5][6] It occurred at a shallow depth of 15.0 km (9.3 mi).[1] The earthquake occurred beneath the Chugach and Saint Elias ranges and was observed by 50 seismic stations in the southeastern part of the state, operated by the United States Geological Survey.[4]

Geology

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The earthquake occurred in the Yakataga seismic gap, a section of a subduction zone between the rupture zones of a 1964 earthquake and the Fairweather Fault. This major transform fault, east of the gap, last ruptured during a 1958 earthquake. The Yakataga seismic gap last ruptured during a major earthquake sequence in 1899. Beneath the Saint Elias range, subduction of the Pacific Plate and possibly including the Yakutat Block occurs at a rate of 5.3 cm (2.1 in) annually. The earthquake accommodated around 30 percent of the accumulated stress in the area since the 1899 events.[7][8] A possible seismic gap exists between the western extent of the 1979 and eastern end of the 1964 earthquake ruptures.[9]

A focal mechanism analysis suggest shallow thrust and strike-slip faulting was responsible for the earthquake. The rupture initiated on a thrust fault that dipped to the north. It propagated further east-southeast on the fault before transitioning onto a separate northeast-dipping dextral fault.[7] The distribution of aftershocks in the area suggest a maximum rupture dimension of approximately 65 km (40 mi) by 80 km (50 mi) and extending southeast of the epicenter. Part of the rupture extended into Canada's Yukon Territory.[4][2] There was no foreshock activity,[4] and the largest aftershock measured Mw  5.2.[10] The aftershock distribution may indicate that the Malaspina fault was involved in the rupture of this event.[7] The largest aftershocks displayed a variety of focal mechanisms involving thrust, strike-slip, and others as a result of normal faulting.[2]

Environmental effects

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At Sitka, a 6 in (150 mm) tsunami was recorded while a 2 in (51 mm) tsunami occurred in Yakutat. An erroneous entry that was included in a 1979 report stated that a 30 cm (12 in) tsunami was recorded. Many snow avalanches were aerially observed to the south and southeast of the epicentral region.[9] Multiple large (6-10×106 m3) rock avalanches fell from slopes near the Seward Glacier. Many large (3–5 km2 (1.2–1.9 sq mi)) landslides also occurred.[11] The mainshock and aftershock distribution on land suggest the tsunami was triggered by a small and local landslide.[12]

Three accelerographs located within 250 km (160 mi) of the epicenter recorded strong ground motion data from the earthquake. A peak horizontal acceleration of 0.16 g recorded in Icy Bay, 74 km (46 mi) away, was the highest recorded ground motion. The Alyeska Pipeline Service Company also recorded digital ground motion data in Valdez using their accelerographs.[13]

Damage

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The earthquake occurred in the sparsely populated and glaciated Chugach Range.[14] It was felt the strongest (VII on the Mercalli intensity scale[15]) at Icy Bay Lumber Camp, 73 km (45 mi) away, where a logging truck bounced violently.[16] Damage to drywall and plaster, and displaced furniture was observed in Mendenhall, Haines, Border City, Juneau and Cape Yakataga. At Border City, a wooden building situated on permafrost was displaced on its base. Two fractures appeared in the concrete floor of a restaurant in Yakutat. Wallboards cracking occurred at Valdez Airport though the building did not sustain structural damage. Many people in the airport reported difficulties in standing up. Likewise, at Juneau Airport, passengers disembarking a plane struggled to stand and a heavy desk in the terminal was shaken.[17]

In Yukon Territory, fractures appeared in the local school wall at Beaver Creek. A building in Burwash Landing sustained cracks while cracked plasters appeared in a lodge at Destruction Bay.[17] The shaking was widespread, with people reportedly feeling the earthquake 1,200 km (750 mi) away,[16] and shaking being felt over a distance of 500,000 km2 (190,000 sq mi).[17] In Iowa, some wells reported water level fluctuations of up to 1.42 ft (0.43 m).[18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d ANSS. "M 7.1 - 113 km SE of McCarthy, Alaska 1979". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  2. ^ a b c Doser 2012.
  3. ^ McCann, Pérez & Sykes 1980.
  4. ^ a b c d Lahr, Hasegawa & Boatwright 1980.
  5. ^ "GCMT Search". Global Centroid Moment Tensor. GCMT. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  6. ^ Stover, C. W.; Coffman, J.L. (1993). Seismicity of the United States, 1568-1989 (revised) (Report). Professional Paper 1527. p. 128. doi:10.3133/pp1527.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ^ a b c Estabrook, Nábělek & Lerner-Lam 1992.
  8. ^ Tape & Lomax 2022.
  9. ^ a b Lahr, J. C.; Plafker, George; Stephens, C.D.; Foglean, K. A.; Blackford, M. E. (1979). Interim report on the St. Elias, Alaska earthquake of 28 February 1979 (PDF) (Report). Open-File Report 79-670. U.S. Geological Survey. doi:10.3133/ofr79670. Retrieved 9 July 2022.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ ANSS. "M 5.4 - 127 km SE of McCarthy, Alaska 1979". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  11. ^ Bessette-Kirton & Coe 2020.
  12. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS), Global Historical Tsunami Database (Data Set), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
  13. ^ Lahr, John C.; Stephens, Christopher D. (1983). Earthquake Activity and Ground Shaking in and Along the Eastern Gulf of Alaska (PDF). BOEM Environmental Studies. Interior Department, Minerals Management Service.
  14. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
  15. ^ International Seismological Centre. Bulletin of the ISC. Thatcham, United Kingdom. [Event 670396].
  16. ^ a b Brockman, Espinosa & Michael 1988.
  17. ^ a b c Stover & Von Hake 1984.
  18. ^ Logel 1980.

Sources

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