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2005 in paleontology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of years in paleontology (table)
In science
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
+...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2005.

Protozoans

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Trypanosoma antiquus[2]

Valid

Poinar

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

Oldest record of the vector association
between Triatoma and Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma antiquus

Diatoms

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Eoseria[3]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Wolfe & Edlund

Early Eocene
Ypresian

Eocene Okanagan Highlands
Horsefly shales

 Canada
 British Columbia

An aulacoseiraceous freshwater diatom
The type species is E. wilsonii

Plants

[edit]

Conifers

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Homalcoia[4]

Gen et Sp nov

Valid

Hernandez-Castillo, Stockey & Beard

Earliest Eocene

"Appian Way Beds"

 Canada
 British Columbia

A cupressaceous pollen cone.
The type species is H. littoralis

Angiosperms

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Albertarum[5]

Gen et sp nov

Bogner, Hoffman, & Aulenback

Cretaceous
Late Campanian

Horseshoe Canyon Formation

 Canada
 Alberta

An orontioid Infructescence.
The type species is A. pueri.

Archaeamphora[6]

Gen et sp nov

dubious

Li

Early Cretaceous

Jianshangou Formation

 China

The type species is Archaeamphora longicervia

Archaeamphora longicervia

Corylopsis reedae[7]

sp nov

Valid

Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr

Early Eocene
Ypresian

Eocene Okanagan Highlands
Klondike Mountain Formation

 USA
 Washington

A Corylopsis species

Corylopsis reedae

Fothergilla malloryi[7]

sp nov

Valid

Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr

Early Eocene
Ypresian

Eocene Okanagan Highlands
Klondike Mountain Formation

 USA
 Washington

A Fothergilla species

Fothergilla malloryi

Shirleya[8]

Gen et Sp nov

Valid

Pigg & DeVore

Middle Miocene

"Yakima Canyon Flora"

 USA
 Washington

A crape myrtle relative, type species S. grahamae

Shirleya grahamae

Ulmus okanaganensis[9]

sp nov

valid

Denk & Dillhoff

Early Eocene
Ypresian

Eocene Okanagan Highlands
Tranquille Formation
McAbee Fossil Beds

 Canada
 British Columbia

An elm species.
Also found in other Eocene Okanagan Highlands locations.

Ulmus okanaganensis

Teixeiraea[10]

Gen et sp nov

von Balthazar, Pedersen and Friis

Cretaceous

Vale de Agua 320

 Portugal

A plant ascribed to Ranunculales.
The type species is T. lusitanica.

Fungi

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Pteropus[11]

Gen et sp nov

Van der Ham & Dortangs

Cretaceous
Maastrichtian

Maastricht Formation

 The Netherlands

A ascomycetous fungus in Brachyphyllum patens foliage
The type species is P. brachyphylli

Stigmatomyces succini[12]

Sp nov

valid

Rossi, Kotrba, & Triebel

Eocene
Priabonian

Baltic amber

 Europe

A laboulbeniaceous parasite of Prosphyracephala succini

Arthropoda

[edit]

Arachnids

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Halitherses[13]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Giribet & Dunlop

Cretaceous
Cenomanian

Burmese amber

 Myanmar

An ortholasmatine nemastomatid harvestman. Type species is H. grimaldii

Insects

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Acropyga glaesaria[14]

Sp nov

Valid

Lapolla

Miocene
Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

Oldest record of trophophoresy in ants

Acropyga glaesaria

Araripenymphes[15]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Menon, Martins-Neto, & Martill

Cretaceous
Aptian

Crato Formation

 Brazil

A nymphid lacewing

Cananeuretus[16]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Engel & Grimaldi

Cretaceous
Campanian

Canadian amber

 Canada

A possible Aneuretinae ant. Type sp. C. occidentalis

Culex malariager

Sp nov

valid

Poinar

Miocene
Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

A mosquito, a vector of Plasmodium dominicana

Culex malariager

Dinokanaga[17]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Archibald

Eocene
Ypresian

Eocene Okanagan Highlands
Tranquille Formation
McAbee Fossil Beds

 Canada
 British Columbia

Six species named D. andersoni, D. dowsonae,
D. hillsi, D. sternbergi, D. webbi, D. wilsoni

Dinokanaga andersoni

Eorhachiberotha[18]

Gen et sp nov

homonym

Nel Et al.

Eocene
Ypresian

Oise amber

 France

A rhachiberothide lacewing,
Genus name preoccupied by Eorhachiberotha Engel, 2004
Moved to Oisea Nel et al 2005[19]

Oisea celinea

Jeanlegrandia[20]

Gen et sp nov

valid

Nel, Petrulevicius, & Jarzembowski

Chattian

Les Figons

 France

A Libellulid dragonfly,
the type species is J. oligocenica

Jeanlegrandia oligocenica

Myanmyrma[16]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Engel & Grimaldi

Cretaceous
Earliest Cenomanian

Burmese amber

 Myanmar

A sphecomyrmine ant.
The type species is M. gracilis

Myanmyrma gracilis

Oisea[18][19]

Gen et comb nov

valid

Nel Et al.

Eocene
Ypresian

Oise amber

 France

A rhachiberothide lacewing,
A new genus name for Eorhachiberotha Nel et al 2005

Oisea celinea

Sphecomyrma[16]

Gen et sp nov

jr synonym

Engel & Grimaldi

Cretaceous
earliest Cenomanian

Burmese amber

 Myanmar

A stem group ant,
jr syn of Gerontoformica orientalis

G. orientalis worker

Triatoma dominicana[2]

Sp nov

Valid

Poinar

Miocene
Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

Oldest record of the vector
association between Triatoma and Trypanosoma

Triatoma dominicana

Xiphosurans

[edit]
  • Fossils of Lunataspis, the earliest known xiphosuran, are discovered in Canada. It was not given a formal description until 2008, however.

Plesiosaurs

[edit]

New taxa

[edit]
Name Status Authors Location Notes

Eromangasaurus

Valid

Kear

 Australia

Archosauromorphs

[edit]

Newly named Non-Avian dinosaurs

[edit]

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[21]

Name Status Authors Age Location Notes Images
Appalachiosaurus[22] Valid taxon
  • Carr
  • Williamson
  • Schwimmer
Late Cretaceous  USA A Tyrannosaurid from Appalachia
Appalachiosaurus
Auroraceratops
Brachytrachelopan
Buitreraptor
Changchunsaurus
Chebsaurus
Dubreuillosaurus
Falcarius
Hagryphus
Jinfengopteryx
Lanzhousaurus
Puertasaurus
Stormbergia
Tanycolagreus
Tyrannotitan
Archaeodontosaurus Valid taxon Middle Jurassic  Madagascar An early Sauropod
Auroraceratops Valid taxon Early Cretaceous  China
"Bakesaurus" Nomen nudum
  • Zhou S.
Baurutitan Valid taxon
  • Kellner
  • Campos
  • Trotta
Late Cretaceous  Brazil
Brachytrachelopan[23] Valid taxon Middle Jurassic  Argentina A short necked Sauropod
Buitreraptor[24] Valid taxon
  • Makovicky
  • Apesteguía
  • Agnolín
Late Cretaceous  Argentina A small fish eating raptor
Cathartesaura Valid taxon
  • Gallina
  • Apesteguía
Late Cretaceous  Argentina
Changchunsaurus[25] Valid taxon Early Cretaceous  China a primitive Ornithopod
Chebsaurus[26] Valid taxon from Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic  Algeria
Condorraptor[27] Valid taxon
  • Rauhut
Middle Jurassic  Argentina
Daanosaurus[28] Valid taxon
  • Ye
  • Gao Y.
  • Jiang
Late Jurassic  China
Dashanpusaurus Valid taxon from middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic  China
Dubreuillosaurus Valid taxon
  • Allain
 France
Falcarius[29] Valid taxon Early Cretaceous  USA An early Therizinosaur
Ferganocephale[30] Valid taxon
  • Averianov
  • T. Martin
  • Bakirov
Middle Jurassic  Kyrgyzstan An early Pachycephalosaur
"Galveosaurus"[31] Junior synonym
  • Sánchez-Hernández

Junior synonym of Galvesaurus.

Galvesaurus

Valid taxon

Early Cretaceous  Spain
Hagryphus Valid taxon
  • Zanno
  • Sampson
Late Cretaceous  United States
Hexinlusaurus Valid taxon
  • Barrett
  • Butler
  • Knoll
Middle Jurassic  China
Hungarosaurus[32] Valid taxon
  • Ösi
Late Cretaceous  Hungary
Jinfengopteryx[33] Valid taxon Early Cretaceous  China
Karongasaurus[34] Valid taxon
  • Gomani
Early Cretaceous  Malawi
Lanzhousaurus Valid taxon
  • You
  • Ji Q.
  • Li D.
Early Cretaceous  China
Nemegtomaia Valid taxon Late Cretaceous  Mongolia
Neuquenraptor[35] Valid taxon
  • Novas Pol
Late Cretaceous  Argentina

May be a subjective junior synonym of Unenlagia.

Pedopenna[36] Valid taxon
  • Xu X.
  • Zhang F.
Middle Jurassic  China
Penelopognathus Valid taxon
  • Godefroit
  • Li H.
  • Shang
Early Cretaceous  China
Puertasaurus Valid taxon Late Cretaceous  Argentina
Shixinggia[37] Valid taxon
  • Zhang B.
Late Cretaceous  China
Stormbergia Valid taxon
  • Butler
Early Jurassic  Lesotho

 South Africa

A primitive Ornithischian
Tanycolagreus[38] Valid taxon
  • Carpenter
  • Miles
  • Cloward
Late Jurassic  USA A primitive Tyrannosaur
Trigonosaurus Disputed Late Cretaceous  Brazil Subsequently argued by Silva Junior et al. (2022) to be a junior synonym of Baurutitan.[39]
Tyrannotitan[40] Valid taxon Late Cretaceous  Argentina
Xinjiangovenator[41] Valid taxon
  • Rauhut
  • Xu X.
Early Cretaceous  China

Newly named birds

[edit]
Name Status Novelty Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Afrocygnus chauvireae[42]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Antoine Louchart

Patrick Vignaud

Andossa Likius

Hassane Taisso Mackaye

Michel Brunet

Late Miocene

Anthracotheriid Unit

 Chad

An Anatidae, the oldest from Africa.

Aquila nipaloides[43]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Antoine Louchart

Claudia Bedetti

Marco Pavia

Pleistocene

Corsica and Sardinia

 France:

 Corsica;

 Italy:

 Sardinia

An Island Accipitridae.

Chascacocolius cacicirostris[44]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Gerald Mayr

Early Middle Eocene

Messel pit,

MP 11

 Germany:

 Hessen

A Coliiformes, Chascacocoliidae Zelenkov et Dyke, 2008.

Ciconia louisebolesae[45]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Walter E. Boles

Late Oligocene-Early Miocene

Riversleigh

 Australia:

 Queensland

A Ciconiidae.

Crossvallia unienwillia[46]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Claudia P. Tambussi

Marcelo A. Reguero

Sergio A. Marenssi

Sergio N. Santillana

Late Paleocene

Cross Valley Formation

 Antarctica

A Spheniscidae.

Dalianraptor cuhe[47]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Gao Chunling

Liu Jinyuan

Early Cretaceous,

Early Albian

Jiufotang Formation

 China

An Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866. This is the type species of the genus.

Eurofluvioviridavis robustipes[48]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Gerald Mayr

Early Eocene

MP 8;

Messel pit,

MP 11

 UK:

 England;

 Germany:

 Hessen

A Podargiformes, Fluvioviridavidae Mayr, 2005.

Gallinula disneyi[49]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Walter E. Boles

Oligocene-Miocene

Riversleigh

 Australia:

 Queensland

A Rallidae, in 2011 this species becomes the type species of the new genus Australlus Worthy et Boles, 2011.

Gallirallus vekamatolu[50]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Jeremy J. Kirchman

David W. Steadman

Holocene

‘Eua

 Tonga

A Rallidae.

Hongshanornis longicresta[51]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Zhou Zhonghe

Zhang Fucheng

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

 China

An Ornithuromorphae Chiappe, Ji, Ji et Norell, 1999, Hongshanornithidae O’Connor, Gao et Chiappe, 2010. This is the type species of the genus.

Limnofregata hasegawai[52]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Hiroshige Matsuoka

Late Early Eocene

Green River Formation

 USA ( Wyoming)

A Fregatidae, Limnofregatinae Olson, 1977.

Lithoptila abdounensis[53]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Estelle Bourdon

Baâdi Bouya

Mohamed Iarochène

Late Paleocene-Early Eocene

Thanetian

 Morocco

A Prophaethontidae Harrison et Walker, 1976.

Oxyura vantetsi[54]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Trevor H. Worthy

Holocene

Lake Poukawa

 New Zealand

An Anatidae, extinct since the 16th century.

Parvigrus pohli[55]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Gerald Mayr

Early Oligocene

Pichovet, Vachères, Southern France

 France

A Parvigruidae Mayr, 2005.

Perugyps diazi[56]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Marcelo Stucchi

Steven D. Emslie

Late Miocene-Early Pliocene

Pisco Formation

 Peru

A Cathartidae.

Protocypselomorphus manfredkelleri[57]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Gerald Mayr

Early Middle Eocene

Messel pit,

MP 11

 Germany:

 Hessen

A Cypselomorphae (Sensu Mayr, 2002).

?Primotrogon pumilio[58]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Gerald Mayr

Early Middle Eocene

Messel pit,

MP 11

 Germany:

 Hessen

A Trogonidae, In 2009 Mayr creates the new genus Masillatrogon for this species and makes ?Primotrogon pumilio its type species.

Pseudoseisuropsis cuelloi[59]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Santiago Claramunt

Andrès Rinderknecht

Late Pleistocene

Coastal cliffs near Rio de la Plata estuary

 Uruguay

A Furnariidae.

Rallus eivissensis[60]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Miquel McMinn

M. Palmer

Josep A. Alcover

Pleistocene, Holocene

Ibiza

 Spain:

 Ibiza

A Rallidae.

Rhodacanthis forfex[61]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Kauai

 USA:

 Hawaii

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, Drepanidini.

Rhodacanthis litotes[61]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Oahu

 USA:

 Hawaii

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, Drepanidini.

Rupelramphastoides knopfi[62]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Gerald Mayr

Early Oligocene

Rupelian

 Germany:

 Baden-Württemberg

A Pici (sensu Simpson and Cracraft, 1981), family incertae sedis (confer Ramphastidae Vigors, 1825)

Struthio kakesiensis[63]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Terry Harrison

Charles P. Msuya

Pliocene

Lower Laetoli Beds

 Tanzania

Known from eggshells

Struthio linxiaensis[64]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Hou Lianhai

Zhou Zhonghe

Zhang Fu-Cheng

Wang Zhao

Late Miocene

Liushu Formation

 China

Transferred to, and made the type species of a new genus Orientornis Wang, 2008.[65]

Vegavis iaai[66]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Julia A. Clarke

Claudia P. Tambussi

Jorge L. Noriega

Gregory M. Erickson

Richard A. Ketcham

Late Cretaceous

Middle to Late Maastrichtian

 Antarctica

An ?Anseriformes. This is the type species of the genus.

Newly named pterosaurs

[edit]
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Bakonydraco[67]

Valid

  • Weishampel
  • Jianu

Upper Cretaceous

Csehbánya Formation

 Hungary

The type species is Bakonydraco galaczi.

Boreopterus[68]

Valid

  • Ji

Lower Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

 China

The type species is Boreopterus cuiae.

Caulkicephalus[69]

Valid

  • Steel
  • Martill
  • Unwin
  • Winch

Early Cretaceous

Wessex Formation

 England

The type species is Caulkicephalus trimicrodon.

Eoazhdarcho[70]

Valid

  • Ji

Early Cretaceous

Jiufotang Formation

 China

The type species is Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis.

Eopteranodon[71]

Valid

  • Zhang

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

 China

The type species is Eopteranodon lii.

Feilongus[72]

Valid

  • Wang
  • Kellner
  • Zhou
  • Campos

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

 China

The type species is Feilongus youngi.

Huaxiapterus[73]

Synonym

  • Yuan

Early Cretaceous

Jiufotang Formation

 China

The type species is Huaxiapterus jii. Huaxiapterus is a junior synonym of Sinopterus[74]

Liaoxipterus[75]

Valid

  • Dong

Early Cretaceous

Jiufotang Formation

 China

The type species is Liaoxipterus brachyognathus.

Nurhachius[72]

Valid

  • Wang
  • Kellner
  • Zhou
  • Campos

Early Cretaceous

Jiufotang Formation

 China

The type species is Nurhachius ignaciobritoi.

Paranurognathus

Synonym

  • Peters

The type species is Paranurognathus tischlingeri. Paranurognathus is a junior synonym of Anurognathus.

Synapsids

[edit]

Non-mammalian

[edit]
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Irajatherium[76]

Valid

  • Martinelli
  • Bonaparte
  • Schultz
  • Rubert

Upper Triassic

Caturrita Formation

 Brazil

The type species is Irajatherium hernadezi.

Madysaurus[77]

Valid

  • Tatarinov

Triassic

Magygen Formation

 Kyrgyzstan

The type species is Madysaurus sharovi.

Putillosaurus[78]

Valid

  • Surkov

Lower Triassic

 Russia

The type species is Putillosaurus sennikovi.

Mammals

[edit]

New taxa

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Amphicticeps dorog[79]

Sp. nov

Valid

Wang et al.

Early Oligocene

Hsanda Gol Formation

An amphicynodontid.

Amphicticeps makhchinus[79]

Sp. nov

Valid

Wang et al.

Early Oligocene

Hsanda Gol Formation

An amphicynodontid.
Indodelphis[80] Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. Valid
  • Bajpai
  • Kapur
  • Thewissen
  • Tiwari
  • Das
Eocene Cambay Shale Formation  India A marsupial.

Footnotes

[edit]

Complete author list

[edit]

As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

  1. ^ You, Li D., Ji Q., Lamanna, Peter Dodson.
  2. ^ Rauhut, Remes, Fechner, Cladera, Puerta.
  3. ^ Zan, Chen J., Jin L., Li T.
  4. ^ Mahammed, Läng, Mami, Mekahli, Benhamou, Bouterfa, Kacemi, Chérief, Chaouti, Philippe Taquet.
  5. ^ Peng G., Ye, Gao Y., Shu, Jiang.
  6. ^ *James Kirkland, Zanno, Sampson, Clark, DeBlieux.
  7. ^ Barco, Canudo, Cuenca-Bescós, Ruíz-Omeñaca.
  8. ^ Ji Q., Ji S., Lü, You, Chen W., Liu Y. Q., Liu Y. X.
  9. ^ Lü, Tomida, Azuma, Dong Zhiming, Lee.
  10. ^ Novas, Salgado, Calvo, Agnolin.
  11. ^ Campos, Kellner, Reinaldo Jose Bertini, Santucci.
  12. ^ Novas, de Valais, Patricia Vickers-Rich, Timothy H. Rich.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
  2. ^ a b Poinar, G. (2005). "Triatoma dominicana sp. n. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), and Trypanosoma antiquus sp. n. (Stercoraria: Trypanosomatidae), the First Fossil Evidence of a Triatomine-Trypanosomatid Vector Association". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 5 (1): 72–81. doi:10.1089/vbz.2005.5.72. PMID 15815152.
  3. ^ Wolfe, A.; Edlund, M. (2005). "Taxonomy, phylogeny, and paleoecology of Eoseira wilsonii gen. et sp. nov., a Middle Eocene diatom (Bacillariophyceae: Aulacoseiraceae) from lake sediments at Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 243–257. doi:10.1139/e04-051.
  4. ^ Hernandez-Castillo, G. R.; Stockey, R. A.; Beard, G. (2005). "Taxodiaceous pollen cones from the early Tertiary of British Columbia, Canada". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 166 (2): 339–346. doi:10.1086/427485. S2CID 84144996.
  5. ^ Bogner, J.; Hoffman, G. L; Aulenback, K. R (2005). "A fossilized aroid infructescence, Albertarum pueri gen. nov. et sp. nov., of Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian) age from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of southern Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Botany. 83 (6): 591–598. doi:10.1139/B05-033.
  6. ^ Li, H. (2005). "Early Cretaceous sarraceniacean-like pitcher plants from China". Acta Bot. Gallica. 152 (2): 227–234. doi:10.1080/12538078.2005.10515473. S2CID 85000922.
  7. ^ a b Radtke, M.G.; Pigg, K.B.; Wehr, W.C. (2005). "Fossil Corylopsis and Fothergilla Leaves (Hamamelidaceae) from the Lower Eocene Flora of Republic, Washington, U.S.A., and Their Evolutionary and Biogeographic Significance". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 166 (2): 347–356. doi:10.1086/427483. S2CID 20215269.
  8. ^ Pigg, K. B.; DeVore, M. L. (2005). "Shirleya grahamae gen. et sp. nov.(Lythraceae), Lagerstroemia-like fruits from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon flora, central Washington State, USA". American Journal of Botany. 92 (2): 242–251. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.242. PMID 21652401.
  9. ^ Denk, T.; Dillhoff, R.M. (2005). "Ulmus leaves and fruits from the Early-Middle Eocene of northwestern North America: systematics and implications for character evolution within Ulmaceae" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Botany. 83 (12): 1663–1681. doi:10.1139/b05-122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
  10. ^ M. von Balthazar; K. Raunsgaard Pedersen; E. M. Friis (2005). "Teixeiraea lusitanica, a new fossil flower from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal with affinities to Ranunculales". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 255 (1/2): 55–75.
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