Jump to content

Akash (missile)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Akash missile)

Akash
Latest variant, Akash Prime missile being fired from a mobile launcher
TypeMobile Surface-to-air missile system
Place of originIndia
Service history
In service2009-present
Used byIndian Army
Indian Air Force
Armenian Armed Forces
See Operators
Production history
DesignerDefence Research and Development Organisation
ManufacturerBharat Dynamics Limited
Unit cost2.5 crore (US$500K)
Produced2009–present
No. built3,500 missiles till 2011[1]
VariantsAkash 1S,
Akash Prime,
Akash-NG
Specifications
Mass720 kg (1,590 lb)
Length578 cm (228 in)
Diameter30 cm (12 in) – 35 cm (14 in)

WarheadHigh-explosive, fragmentation
Warhead weight60 kg (130 lb)
Detonation
mechanism
Radio proximity fuze

EngineSolid booster with air-augmented rocket and ramjet sustainer motor
PropellantSolid fuel
Operational
range
25 km (16 mi) – 30 km (19 mi)[2][3][4]
Flight ceiling20 km (66,000 ft)
Flight altitude18 km (59,000 ft)
Maximum speed Mach 1.8 to 2.5[3]
Guidance
system
Mid-course: Command guidance with datalink
Terminal: Active radar homing
Launch
platform

Akash (Hunterian: Akash, lit.'Sky') is a medium-range[6] mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL). Surveillance and Fire control radar, tactical control and command center and missile launcher are developed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Tata Advanced Systems Limited and Larsen & Toubro.[7][8] The Akash missile system can target aircraft up to 45 km (28 mi) away.[9] It has the capability to neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and air-to-surface missiles.[6][10] It is in operational service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.

An Akash battery comprises a single Rajendra 3D passive electronically scanned array radar and four launchers with three missiles each, all of which are interlinked. Each battery can track up to 64 targets and attack up to 12 of them. The missile has a 60 kg (130 lb) high-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead with a proximity fuse. The Akash system is fully mobile and capable of protecting a moving convoy of vehicles. The launch platform has been integrated with both wheeled and tracked vehicles. While the Akash system has primarily been designed as an air defence SAM, it also has been tested in a missile defense role. The system provides air defence missile coverage for an area of 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi). The Indian military's combined orders of the Akash, including radar systems (WLR and Surveillance), have a total worth of 28,800 crore (US$4 billion).[11][12][13] As per Ministry of Defence (MoD) Report 2018, existing order of Akash saved ₹34,500 crore of foreign exchange for India on imports.[14]

Description

[edit]

System

[edit]
Akash missile destroying target

Each Akash battery consists of four self-propelled Launchers (3 Akash SAMs each), a Battery Level Radar – the Rajendra, and a Command post (Battery Control Centre). Two batteries are deployed as a Squadron (Air Force), while up to four form an Akash Group (Army configuration). In both configurations, an extra Group Control Centre (GCC) is added, which acts as the Command and Control HQ of the Squadron or Group. Based on a single mobile platform, GCC establishes links with Battery Control Centres and conducts air defense operations in coordination with air defense set up in a zone of operations. For early warning, the GCC relies on the Central Acquisition Radar. However, individual batteries can also be deployed with the cheaper, 2-D BSR (Battery Surveillance Radar) with a range of over 100 km.

Akash has an advanced automated functioning capability. The 3D CAR automatically starts tracking targets at a distance of around 150 km providing early warning to the system and operators. The target track information is transferred to GCC. GCC automatically classifies the target. BSR starts tracking targets around a range of 100 km. This data is transferred to GCC. The GCC performs multi-radar tracking of up to 200 targets and carries out track correlation & data fusion. Target position information is sent to the BLR which uses this information to acquire the targets.

The BCC which can engage a target(s) from the selected list at the earliest point of time is assigned the target in real time by the GCC. The availability of missiles and the health of the missiles are also taken into consideration during this process. Fresh targets are assigned as and when intercepts with assigned targets are completed. A single shot kill probability of 88% has been achieved by the system taking into consideration various parametres of the sensors, guidance command, missile capabilities and kill zone computations.

There are a number of possibilities for deploying Akash weapon system in autonomous mode and in group mode for neutralizing the threat profiles with defined multi-target engagement scenarios. In the Group mode we can have number of configurations to defend vulnerable areas depending upon nature and expected threat pattern, characteristics of threat. Similarly, multiple batteries in autonomous mode can be deployed to defend vulnerable areas/points. In a Group formation, the four Batteries can be deployed in various geometric formations, as suited to the vulnerable area being protected and the extent desired to be sanitized from enemy air threat. In a box deployment pattern, an Akash group can defend an area of 62 km x 62 km. In a linear array configuration, it covers an area of 98 km x 44 km. Trapezoidal configuration gives defense to the largest area as compared to any other pattern of deployment covering an area of size 5,000 square km.[15]

Each Akash battery can engage up to four targets simultaneously with 24 ready to fire missiles. Each battery has four launchers with three missiles, while each Rajendra able to guide eight missiles in total, with a maximum of two missiles per target. Up to a maximum of four targets can be engaged simultaneously by a typical battery with a single Rajendra if one (or two) missile is allotted per target. A single Akash missile has an 88% probability of kill. Two missiles can be fired, five seconds apart, to raise the probability of Kill to 98.5%. Communications between the various vehicles are a combination of wireless and wired links. The entire system is designed to be set up quickly and to be highly mobile for high survivability. The Akash system can be deployed by rail, road or air.

Missile

[edit]
Akash missile test fired for very low altitude near boundary mission on 18 June 2014.

Akash is a surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of 25 km.[3] It has a launch weight of 720 kg, a diameter of 35 cm and a length of 5.78 meters. Akash flies at supersonic speed, reaching around Mach 2.5. It can reach an altitude of 20 km and can be fired from both tracked and wheeled platforms.[3] An on-board guidance system coupled with an actuator system makes the missile maneuverable up to 15g loads and a tail chase capability for end game engagement. A digital proximity fuse is coupled with a 55 kg pre-fragmented warhead, while the safety arming and detonation mechanism enables a controlled detonation sequence. A self-destruct device is also integrated. It is propelled by an Integrated Ramjet Rocket Engine. The use of a ramjet propulsion system enables sustained speeds without deceleration throughout its flight.[16] The Missile has command guidance in its entire flight.[17]

The design of the missile is somewhat similar to that of the 2K12 Kub with four long tube ramjet inlet ducts mounted mid-body between wings. For pitch/yaw control four clipped triangular moving wings are mounted on the mid-body. For roll control four inline clipped delta fins with ailerons are mounted before the tail. However, the internal schematic shows a different layout with an onboard digital computer, absence of semi-active seeker, different propellant, different actuators and command guidance with datalinks. The Akash carries an onboard radio-proximity fuse.

Composite technology for Akash includes radome assemblies, booster liners, ablative liners, sustainer liners, compression molded wings and fins.[18]

Propulsion

[edit]

The Akash, like the Russian 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful), utilizes an integrated ramjet-rocket propulsion system, which, after initial rocket motor burnout, provides sustained thrust for the missile throughout its flight until interception.[19]

Radars

[edit]
Rajendra Radar during Republic Day, 2019

The missile is guided by a phased array fire control radar called 'Rajendra' which is termed as Battery Level Radar (BLR) with a tracking range of about 60 km.[20] The tracking and missile guidance radar configuration consists of a slewable phased array antenna of more than 4,000 elements, spectrally pure TWT transmitter, two stage superheterodyne correlation receiver for three channels, high speed digital signal processor, real time management computer and a powerful radar data processor.[21] It can track 64 targets in range, azimuth and height and guide eight missiles simultaneously in ripple fire mode towards four targets. The radar has advanced ECCM features. The Rajendra derivative on a BMP-2 chassis and to be used by the Indian Air Force is known as the Battery Level Radar-II whereas that for the Army, is based on a T-72 chassis and is known as the Battery Level Radar-III.

The Army version also consists of the Battery Surveillance Radar (BSR). BSR is a track vehicle based, long range sensor, interfaced with the BCC. It can detect and track up to 40 targets in range and azimuth up to a range of 100 km.[22]

Long range target acquisition is performed by the 3D Central Acquisition Radar (3D CAR), which is a long range surveillance radar that can track up to 200 targets in Track while Scan mode (detecting, tracking and processing) in three dimensions at a range of 180 km. It provides azimuth, range and height coordinates of targets to the Group Control Centre (GCC) through secure communication links. The data is used to cue the weapon control radar.[21][23]

Platforms

[edit]
Akash Missiles on a BMP-2 chassis.

The Army's radar and launchers are based on the T-72 chassis built by the Ordnance Factories Board's Ordnance Factory Medak to accompany the Army's fast moving armoured formations.[24] The Air Force versions use a combination of tracked and wheeled vehicle. The Air Force Akash launcher consists of a detachable trailer which is towed by a Tata truck, which can be positioned autonomously. The Air Force launcher is designed by Larsen & Toubro jointly with DRDO.[25] Both the Army and Air Force launchers have three ready-to-fire Akash missiles each. The launchers can slew in both elevation and azimuth. The Army Self-Propelled Launcher (ASPL) is 360 degrees slewable and its arc in elevation is from 6 to 60 degrees. The Akash Air Force Launcher (AAFL) is 360 degree slewable, in elevation it can fire from 8 to 55 degrees in all directions depending on the mode of deployment.[26] Akash Air force launcher features an All electro servo drive system for fully automated and remote operation.[18] To enable the Akash group to perform self-sufficient in the combat zone, a number of supporting specialist vehicles have been designed and developed. They are mobile and field-worthy. Their design is based on the role and task to be performed and the vehicles are accordingly allocated to the Group HQ, the Batteries, Assembly Line Area and the Field maintenance workshop. Some of the vehicles are: the Missile Transportation Vehicle (MTV), the Transportation and Loading Vehicle (TLV), the Mobile Station for Missile Checkout (MSMC) Vehicle, the Air Compressor Vehicle (ACV), the Power Supply vehicles (GPSV, BPSV), the Engineering Support, Maintenance and Repair vehicles (GEM, BEM) and a few others. These specialist vehicles assemble and prepare missiles, deliver them to Batteries, carry maintenance spares and fuel, and provide logistical engineering support. Their allocation provides for flexibility and self-sufficiency to the whole Akash Group.[27]

Development and history

[edit]

Mark-I

[edit]

The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March 1997.

Two Akash missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode in 2005. 3-D Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR) group mode performance is also fully established.[28][29]

The Akash Missile Development cost of ₹1,000 crore (€150 million; $200 million), including the project sanction of ₹600 crore (€90 million; $120 million), is 8-10 times lower than the cost of similar system developments in other countries. Akash has certain unique characteristics like mobility, all-the-way-powered flight till target interception, multiple target handling, digitally-coded command guidance and fully automatic operation.[11]

For the first time, Akash showed in Exercise Astrashakti 2023 that it could engage four targets at once under command guidance with a single fire unit at a maximum range of about 30 km. The targets were divided to attack defense assets from various angles and were approaching from the same direction in a close formation.[30]

Variants

[edit]
Akash-1S missile test on 27 May 2019
Akash-1S
[edit]

There was demand from Indian Armed Forces for a missile with a seeker that can target inbound targets more accurately for which the DRDO offered an upgraded Akash with an indigenous seeker named Akash-1S. DRDO tested Akash-1S on 25 May and 27 May 2019 with a strike range of 30 km that has the capability to carry warhead of 60 kg from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, Odisha with the overall performance of indigenous seeker and guidance system consistently established during the period. Akash-1S was fired five times against multiple targets and successfully completed the trials.[31] It supports the combination of both command and active terminal seeker guidance to enhance the single shot kill probability[32] and is capable of striking down fighter jets and drones at a distance of around 18 to 30 km that can be fired from both tracked and wheeled platforms for greater mobility.[33]

Akash Prime
[edit]
Akash-Prime SAM

On 27 September 2021, DRDO test fired a new version of missile called Akash Prime. It intercepted and destroyed an unmanned aerial target mimicking enemy aircraft, in its maiden flight. Akash Prime is based on the existing Akash SAM. The missile is equipped with an improved active radio-frequency (RF) seeker to further increase the accuracy. Akash Prime is also optimized for low temperature and high altitude operations with modified ground system.[34] The improved RF seeker has 360° engagement capability. Akash Prime consists of a long-range surveillance radar, a target and missile tracking radar, a troop control centre, and the launchers.[35]

Akash-NG

[edit]

A successor missile with a new design Akash – New generation abbreviated as Akash-NG was approved in September 2016 with a funding of 470 crore (equivalent to 676 crore or US$81 million in 2023) to succeed Akash and Akash-1S with improved capabilities.[36] Akash-NG will have an improved reaction time and higher level of protection against saturation attacks. The second stage uses dual-pulse solid rocket motor which is lighter instead of air-breathing solid ramjet engine to increase the overall range from current 25–30 km to 70–80 km, an active electronically scanned array Multi-Function Radar (MFR) and optical proximity fuze.[37][38]

Status

[edit]

Each missile is expected to have starting costs below US$500,000 i.e. under ₹2 crore[39] which is less than half the cost of similar Western missiles which usually cost between US$1.2-1.5 million (₹5-6 crore) each.[40] It is expected that this cost will further decrease due to the economies of scale achieved as production ramps up.[39] The Indian military (IAF & IA) have a combined order worth ₹23,300 crore ($5.18 billion).[41] On 24 May 2012, India successfully test fired Akash missile to revalidate technology and operational efficacy.[42] On 1 June 2012, the Air Force version of the missile with a strike range of 25 km was successfully test fired from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur.[43] On 3 August 2014 Akash missile test-fired from launch complex-3 of ITR at Chandipur off Odisha coast, Describing the trials as "fully successful", Director ITR said . The Air Force version has already been inducted while the Army version is in the final stage of its trial.[44] The Army version was inducted on 5 May 2015, as was tweeted by MoD Spokesman. [45] [46] On 16 March 2016, Director of Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), said that India is looking to double missile production to 100 per month, up from 50 to 60.[47][48]

Indian Air Force

[edit]

In December 2007, the Indian Air Force completed user trials for this missile. The trials, which were spread over ten days, were declared successful after the missile hit the target on five occasions. Multiple targets handling capability of Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live firing in C4I environment. Before the ten-day trial at Chandipur, ECCM Evaluation tests were carried out at Gwalior Air force base and mobility trials were carried out in Pokhran. The IAF had evolved the user Trial Directive to verify the Akash's consistency. The following trials were conducted: Against low-flying near-range target, long-range high-altitude target, crossing and approaching target and ripple firing of two missiles from the same launcher against a low-altitude receding target.[49]

The Indian Air force was satisfied with the performance of Akash after extensive flight trials and has decided to induct the weapon system. An order for two squadrons were placed initially, with these being inducted in 2009. The IAF found the missile performance to be satisfactory and was expected to place orders for 16 more launchers to form two more squadrons for India's northeast theater.[24][40][50]

In May 2008, the Indian Air Force decided to induct two squadrons (totaling 4 batteries) of Akash missile.[51]

In March 2009, Tata Power's Strategic Engineering Division (Tata Power SED) announced that it had secured the ₹182 crore order for 16 Akash launchers to be delivered in the next 33 months.[52]

In January 2010, it was revealed that the Indian Air Force had ordered for 6 more squadrons. Each squadron will consist of 125 missiles, bringing the order to 750 missiles for 6 squadrons.[53] The first two squadrons will consist of 48 missiles each[54] while future squadrons will vary in number depending on the IAF. The additional missiles were ordered from state-run defence behemoth Bharat Electronics, who will act as the system integrator, at a cost of 4,279 crore ($925 million).[55]

On 3 March 2012, the missile was officially inducted into Indian Air force at function at Hyderabad.[56]

IAF orders may also rise as it phases out its Pechoras and if the Indo-Israeli JV to develop a MRSAM (Medium Range SAM) for the IAF continues to be put on hold, while a similar program for the Indian Navy proceeds unimpeded.[57][58][59] On 6 June 2012, IAF successfully test fired the Air Force version of Akash missile from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur.[60] Indian Air Force tested Akash missiles taken from the production lot on 26 April 2014 against maneuvering targets at extreme ranges. The test was a success.[61]

In February 2010, the Indian Air Force accepted the Akash missile system as a substantial part of its arsenal.[62]

In November 2014 Surface-to-air supersonic missile Akash on Friday completed its training user trials successfully for 5 straight days validating all mission parametres as set by the Indian Air Force (IAF) team.[63]

On 10 July 2015, the Akash surface-to-air missile was formally inducted in the Indian Air Force at Gwalior.[64][65]

On 1 September 2015, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the purchase of seven additional squadrons of the Akash missile for the Indian Air Force.[66][67]

Night launch of Akash missile in Vayu Shakti Exercise 2019.

On 28 January 2016, the missile was successfully test fired from complex-3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipuri in Odisha. As part of a user trial from the ITR, three rounds of test were carried out by the Indian Air Force (IAF) personnel aiming at para-barrel target. Tests were aimed at gauging the flight consistency and effectiveness of the missile, besides ascertaining the serviceability of the system in various conditions.[68][69][70][71]

On 8 March 2016, Indian Air Force(IAF) demonstrated the missile at the exercise Iron Fist 2016.[72][73]

A Comptroller and Auditor General report released in 2017 stated that due to lack of adequate storage facilities, the life span of the missiles may be affected. In addition, there was a 30% failure rate during testing of missiles in inventory with 6 out of 20 missiles failing to hit their targets.[74][75][76]

On 28 and 29 November 2017, the Indian Air Force carried out 3 tests of the missile from Launch Complex 3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) against electronic targets.[77][78]

On 3 December 2020, the Indian Air Force carried out 10 missile firing at Suryalanka to bolster its capability among ongoing Indo-Sino border tension. The missiles were fired to validate different scenario and majority of the missiles scored a direct kill further establishing the efficacy of Akash missile.[79]

On 17 December 2023, during an exercise Astraskati the Indian Air Force fired 4 missile simultaneously from 2 Akash launcher of a single firing unit neautralizing 4 UAV's simultaneously using command guidance. All target were detected and shot down at the maximum range of 30 km. This marks the Akash system as the first system in the world to successfully track and destroy 4 target using a single firing unit in command guidance. These tests were conducted from the new units ordered by Indian Air Force.[80][81]

Indian Army

[edit]
Akash missiles during Republic Day 2017 parade

In June 2010, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) placed an order of the Akash missile system, valued at ₹12,500 crore ($2.8 billion). Bharat Dynamics (BDL) will be the system integrator and nodal production agency for the Akash Army variant.[11] The Army plans to induct two regiments of the missile.[82]

In March 2011, a report indicates that the Indian Army has ordered 2 Akash regiments – approximately 2,000 missiles – worth ₹14,000 crore ($3.1 billion).[83] These will replace the Indian Army's 2 SA-6 Groups (25 systems with 1,500 missiles each), which were inducted between 1977 and 1979.[84]

On 5 May 2015 Akash Missile was inducted into the Indian Army.[85][86]

On 11 to 13 April 2015, Indian Army successfully conducted six rounds of user trials of the missile. The tests were conducted from complex 3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipuri in Odisha. The missiles targeted pilot less target aircraft (PTA) Lakshya, unmanned air vehicle (UAV) 'Banshee' and a para barrel target, two times each.[71][unreliable source?][87][88][89][90][91]

On 30 March 2016, Indian Army stated that Akash area defence missile systems did not meet its operational requirements for defending its strike corps against enemy air attacks in forward areas, and was not ordering any more regiments. The Army instead was opting for four Israeli quick reaction SAM regiments.[92][93]

The missile was inducted into the Indian Army in May 2015. The Army is scheduled to get two Akash regiments by 2017.[94][95] On 30 November 2017, Indian Army successfully tested fired five Akash missiles at Integrated Test Range (ITR) against multiple targets.[96] Another test with an indigenous radio frequency seeker was successfully carried out on 5 December 2017 against a Banshee aerial drone.[97][98]

In May 2022, report was published that Indian Army is going to receive 2 regiments of Akash Prime systems. On 30 March 2023, MoD signed contracts for procurement of 2 Regiments of improved Akash Weapon System with BDL at a cost over 8,160 crore (US$980 million).[99]

On 31 March 2024, another test of Akash missiles were carried out successfully by Army's Western Command's 128 AD Missile Regiment.[100][101]


Operational history

[edit]

The Indian Air Force has deployed Akash at its bases in Gwalior (Maharajpur AFS), Jalpaiguri (Hasimara AFS), Tezpur, Jorhat and Pune (Lohegaon AFS).[102][103]

The Indian Army has deployed one Akash Regiment in June–July 2015, with the second one to be ready by end of 2016.[104]

Indian Army deployed Akash air defence system along Line of Actual Control in Ladakh as tension rose between India and China 2020 China–India skirmishes.[105]

Export

[edit]

It was also reported in the media that Philippines, Belarus, Malaysia, Thailand, UAE, Vietnam and Armenia have shown interest in purchasing the Akash missile system.[106][107] On 30 December 2020, Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) chaired by Prime Minister cleared the exports of Akash missile defence system. Philippines signed an arms agreement with India in March 2021 to potentially acquire Indian weapons including the Akash SAM.[108][109][110]

In 2022, Akash SAM was seen in a Sudanese Military Exhibition which showcased weapon systems operated by the Sudanese Armed Forces. In 2023, the Indian MoD also mentioned Akash in the list of multiple exported items, sparking speculations of the system's maiden export to Sudan.[111][112]

Armenia placed an order for 15 Akash missile system for an order of 6,000 crore (US$720 million). The delivery of the system is expeceted to take begin from Q2 2024.[113][114][115] As of August 2024, India is expected to deliver the Akash 1S systems later this year.[116]

After Armenian order, Brazil and Egypt has also shown interest as per defence official.[117][114]

Operators

[edit]
Map of Akash operators in blue
 India

 Armenia

 Sudan

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Indian Army Orders Akash SAM". Aviation Week. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  2. ^ PHILIP, SNEHESH ALEX (30 December 2020). "Govt approves export of indigenous Akash SAM as UAE, Vietnam among others show interest". The Print. New Delhi. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Kumar, Rishi (1 April 2021). "Bharat Dynamics flags off Akash Missiles for delivery to Indian Army". Business Line. Hyderabad. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  4. ^ "Exercise Astrashakti: Indian Akash air defence missile system destroys 4 targets simultaneously". The Hindu. ANI. 17 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  5. ^ "BEL Akash Missile System". Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  6. ^ a b "India Successfully Test Fires Medium-Range Akash Missile". NDTV. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  7. ^ "Akash Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System". Airforce Technology. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  8. ^ Journal of Electronic Defense Staff (2004). "Guided Threat Systems". International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook. Artech House. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-58053-898-5.
  9. ^ Akash missile successfully test fired for second day, Dated:18 November 2014 Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "Nuclear-capable Akash missile test fired | India News". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2012. Nuclear-capable Akash missile test fired
  11. ^ a b c Akash Missile System For Indian Army OK'd Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Akash Missile Users Give Feedback To DRDO | AVIATION WEEK Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "More Akash systems for Army – NATIONAL – the Hindu". aviationweek.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.
  14. ^ Kulkarni, Sushant (28 September 2021). "Explained: What are the two advanced versions of Akash missile?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  15. ^ Akash Operational Scenarios Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ The Hindu Archived 4 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine article dated 11 December 2005, accessed 18 October 2006.
  17. ^ AKASH AIR DEFENSE WEAPON SYSTEM[usurped]
  18. ^ a b "IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM's". Frontier India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  19. ^ "Akash Missiles: All about India's first home-made supersonic missile". The Economic Times. 15 February 2021. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  20. ^ Global Security.Org Archived 17 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine article accessed 18 October 2006.
  21. ^ a b About Akash Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Akash Radars Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Aero India 2003 – Part 6". Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  24. ^ a b Shukla, Ajai (7 November 2009). "Army warms up to Akash missile". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  25. ^ "Missile Launchers | Heavy Engineering | L&T India". Archived from the original on 25 June 2018.
  26. ^ Akash Launchers Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Akash Support Vehicles Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM's". Frontier India. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  29. ^ "Defense19". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  30. ^ "Exercise Astrashakti: Indian Akash air defence missile system destroys 4 targets simultaneously". The Hindu. 17 December 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  31. ^ Desk, India com News (27 May 2019). "DRDO Successfully Test Fires Akash-1S Surface to Air Defence Missile". India.com. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  32. ^ "DRDO successfully test fires AKASH MK-1S missile". Jagranjosh.com. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  33. ^ "DRDO successfully tests AKASH MK-1S: 6 features that make it a potent missile". Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  34. ^ Negi, Manjeet (27 September 2021). "Akash Prime, new version of Akash missile, successfully destroys unmanned aerial target during flight test". India Today. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  35. ^ Kajal, Kapil (21 June 2023). "BEL receives order for Akash Prime weapons". Janes.com. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  36. ^ "DRDO Projects". Ministry of Defence. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2019 – via Press Information Bureau.
  37. ^ SV, Vikas (4 December 2018). "Next generation Akash-NG to add new diamension to India's air defence capabilities". oneindia. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  38. ^ Kumar Rout, Hemant (25 January 2021). "Next-generation surface-to-air Akash missile successfully test-fired". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  39. ^ a b "DR Prahlada". Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
  40. ^ a b "National : Akash missile achieves a milestone". The Hindu. 11 December 2005. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  41. ^ "Bharat Dynamics Limited Signs Largest Ever Deal With Army for Akash Missiles". Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  42. ^ "Surface-to-air Akash missile test fired successfully". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  43. ^ "Defence News – India Test-Fires Air Force Version of Akash". Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  44. ^ "Successful surface-to-air 'Akash' missile trial for second day". 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014.
  45. ^ "Surface-to-air short range Akash missile system to be inducted into Indian Army today". 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015.
  46. ^ "Akash missile system handed over to Indian Army today". 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.
  47. ^ "India looks to double missile production to 100 per month". moneycontrol.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  48. ^ "India To Double Akash Missile Production To 100 Per Month". defenseworld.net. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  49. ^ DRDO report on Akash Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ "IAF Slams Chinese Protest to PM's Arunachal Visit". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  51. ^ "IAF inducts the Akash missile". Thaindian News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  52. ^ "Tata Power unit bags defence order". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 31 March 2009. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009.
  53. ^ IAF orders another 750 Akash surface-to-air missiles Archived 13 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ IAF To Get Akash Missiles This Year Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ "IAF orders another 750 Akash SAMs". Thaindian News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  56. ^ Subramanian, T. S. (2 March 2012). "Torpedo, Akash missile to be handed over to Navy and IAF on Saturday". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.
  57. ^ Barak-MRSAM for IAF put on hold Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ^ "IAF to induct indigenous Akash missile". Sify News. 26 December 2007. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
  59. ^ Missile mission meets target Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ^ "Air Force version of 'Akash' missile successfully test-fired". The Times of India. 6 June 2012. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.
  61. ^ Special Correspondent (26 April 2014). "Two Akash missiles tested". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  62. ^ Reporter, B. S. (3 February 2010). "Missile boost for BEL". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  63. ^ "Akash Missile Completes Training User Trials". The New Indian Express. 22 November 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  64. ^ "IAF gets Akash missile shield". Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  65. ^ "Ingeniously-built Aakash missile inducted in IAF : India, News – India Today". indiatoday.intoday.in. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  66. ^ "DAC clears projects worth over Rs. 13,000 cr". The Hindu. 2 September 2015. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  67. ^ a b "Govt clears defence projects worth Rs 15,000 crore – Times of India". The Times of India. September 2015. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  68. ^ "Akash missile successfully test fired in Chandipuri, Odisha: Interesting facts : Current Affairs". indiatoday.intoday.in. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  69. ^ "Indian armed forces to test Akash missiles as part of user trials". International Business Times, India Edition. 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  70. ^ "India test fires Akash missiles". The Hindu. 28 January 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  71. ^ a b "India test fires Akash supersonic missile". Army Technology. 11 April 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  72. ^ "Iron Fist 2016: Indian Air Force's greatest show of air power | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 19 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  73. ^ "IAF showcases indigenous fighter plane 'Tejas' in Iron Fist Exercise". NewsX. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  74. ^ "Akash missiles, aimed at downing Chinese fighter jets in northeast, not installed: CAG". Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  75. ^ "'Made-in-India' Akash Missile, worth Rs 3,600 crore, fails test". Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  76. ^ "Akash missile reported 30% failure rate, says CAG". 28 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  77. ^ "Supersonic Akash missile test fired against electronic target". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  78. ^ "Two rounds of Surface-to-Air Missile Akash successfully test fired". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  79. ^ Ajit K Dubey (4 December 2020). "Amid China border conflict, IAF testfires 10 Akash missiles to 'shoot down' enemy fighters". ANI. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  80. ^ "India's Akash Missile System achieves unprecedented success in Astrashakti Military Exercise". Financial Times. London. 17 December 2023.
  81. ^ Negi, Manjeet (17 December 2023). "Akash missile system destroys 4 targets simultaneously during Air Force exercise". India Today.
  82. ^ Press Trust of India (2 December 2010). "India eyes producing more Akash missiles, BEL expects windfall". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  83. ^ Indian Army Orders Akash Missile System Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  84. ^ "SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  85. ^ "Akash Missile Supersonic System inducted by Indian Army". Defence Wire. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  86. ^ "Boost to Army's air power; to get medium range missile by 2020 – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  87. ^ "User Trial of Akash Missile System By Indian Army Successful". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  88. ^ "Akash missile test fired for second consecutive day | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  89. ^ "Surface-to-air Akash missile successfully test fired in Odisha". OdishaSunTimes.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  90. ^ "Akash Missile System Successfully Demonstrates Killing Efficiency". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  91. ^ "Akash missile test fired successfully for third consecutive". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 13 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  92. ^ "Enough of Akash, says Army as it opts for Israeli missiles – Times of India". The Times of India. 30 March 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  93. ^ "India's Missile Program in Peril as Army Dumps Rs 1,000 Cr Akash Missiles | Indian Defence News". indiandefensenews.in. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  94. ^ ANI (5 May 2015). "'Akash' air missile inducted into Indian Army arsenal". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  95. ^ "Surface-to-air missile Akash to be inducted into Indian Army today". intoday.in. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  96. ^ "Army carries out five successful tests of Akash missiles". Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  97. ^ "India successfully test-fires Akash missile with home-made radio frequency seeker". Deccan Chronicle. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  98. ^ "Successful Launch of Akash Missile". pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  99. ^ "Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks over Rs 9,100 crore contracts for improved Akash Weapon System & 12 Weapon Locating Radars Swathi (Plains) for Indian Army". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  100. ^ "MSN". msn.com. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  101. ^ "Indian Army test-fires BrahMos, Akash missiles". Janes.com. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  102. ^ "Akash Air Defence System to be Formally Inducted into IAF". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  103. ^ "Surface-to-air missile 'Akash' inducted in IAF – Times of India". The Times of India. 10 July 2015. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  104. ^ "Indian Army gets muscle with Akash missile system – Rediff.com India News". rediff.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  105. ^ "India deploys Akash missiles at Ladakh LAC to tackle Chinese threat", Manish Prasad, 27 June 2020, retrieved 27 June 2020
  106. ^ "Armenia eyes Akash missile, loitering munitions from India amid conflict with Azerbaijan". 18 October 2022.
  107. ^ Orpiano, Pitz (13 March 2022). "India's Akash Air Defense Missile System Offer for the Philippine Navy". Pitz Defense Analysis. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  108. ^ "India, Russia yet to reach breakthrough on Gorshkov". The Times of India. 9 January 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.
  109. ^ "Wary of China, India offers Akash surface-to-air missile systems to Vietnam". Archived from the original on 10 January 2017.
  110. ^ "Make in India gets a boost! UAE expresses interest in the Akash surface-to-air missile system". Financial Express. 19 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  111. ^ a b "Aatmanirbharta on the rise: Defence exports reach an all-time high of approx. Rs 16,000 crore in Financial Year 2022-23; Over 10-times increase since 2016-17; India exporting to over 85 countries". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  112. ^ a b "ظهر في المعرض العسكري للجيش السوداني صاروخ الدفاع الجوي الهندي AKASH والذي بات يعمل في الخدمة في قوات الدفاع الجوي السودانية". Twitter. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  113. ^ Rath, Anuvesh (18 December 2023). "Indian defence triumph: Bharat Dynamics secures major deal from Armenia amidst global achievements, say sources". Zee Business. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  114. ^ a b c Dubey, Ajit (19 December 2023). "After Armenia order, Philippines, Brazil, Egypt showing interest in Akash air defence missile system". ANI. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  115. ^ a b Pubby, Manu (20 December 2023). "India to Export Air Defence System to Armenia". The Economic Times.
  116. ^ "India is set to commence the delivery of its indigenously developed Akash 1S air defence missile system to Armenia, its first foreign buyer". ARMENPRESS Armenian News Agency. 8 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  117. ^ Sharma, Ritu (15 December 2023). "Akash Missile: Armenia Emerges Prime Contender As BDL Order Book Shows Export Order For Indian SAMs". The Eurasian Times. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  118. ^ "MINISTRY OF DEFENCE – YEAR END REVIEW 2023". Ministry of Defence (Press release). 22 December 2023.
  119. ^ Pandit, Rajat (13 September 2019). "Akash missile: Rs 5400 crore deal inked for 7 more squadrons of Akash missiles for IAF". The Times of India.
  120. ^ "IAF orders another 750 Akash SAMs". The Hindustan Times. Indo-Asian News Service. 2 February 2010. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  121. ^ "Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks over Rs 9,100 crore contracts for improved Akash Weapon System & 12 Weapon Locating Radars Swathi (Plains) for Indian Army". PIB India. 30 March 2023.
[edit]