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Rwanda Marburg virus disease outbreak

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Rwanda marburg disease outbreak
Initial case: 28 September 2024[1]
Map of Rwanda
Confirmed cases36[1]
Deaths11[2][1]

The first-ever outbreak of Marburg virus disease (MVD) in Rwanda was first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 28 September 2024.[1][3][4] The U.S. embassy in Rwanda issued an alert on the matter on 29 September 2024.[5]

Epidemiology

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On 28 September 2024, the World Health Organization was informed of a Marburg virus outbreak in Rwanda.[6] As of 29 September 2024 there are 26 known cases, mostly in healthcare workers, and eight of which have been fatal.[1][6][7] Cases of the virus have been reported in seven districts of Rwanda.[1][8] Contact tracing efforts are being made, and 161 people are being monitored because they came in contact with the infected individuals.[1]

As of 3 October 2024, there have been 36 confirmed cases. 11 people have reportedly died of the infection.[9] The WHO has advised against travel and trade restrictions with Rwanda.[10][11][12]

Virology

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Further information: Marburg virus
Transmission electron micrograph of Marburg virus

Marburg virus disease is a viral hemorrhagic fever which affects people and primates. The disease can cause serious illness or death.[13]

Marburg virus can be transmitted to humans from fruit bats, and spreads through human-to-human contact, typically via bodily fluids and contaminated medical equipment.[14]

The fatality rate of Marburg virus disease is around 50 percent, but it can vary from 24 to 88 percent depending on several factors.[15]

In contrast to Ebola which has an Ebola vaccine,[16] there is no treatment or vaccine for MVD.[13] This is due to the economics of vaccines, and the fact that until the mid-2010s, there were few fatalities from filovirusses.[17] There are a number of candidate vaccines against Marburg virus disease. Legal monopolies are hindering production and testing of candidate vaccines.[18]

History

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Further information: Marburg virus disease

The Marburg virus was first discovered in 1967 after outbreaks in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany. These outbreaks had been linked to lab work involving African green monkeys from Uganda.[19]

Some of the more recent outbreaks are listed:

Recent Marburg virus disease outbreaks[13]
Year Country Virus Human cases Human deaths Case fatality rate Notes
2012  Uganda MARV 18 9 50% [20][21]
2014  Uganda MARV 1 1 100% [22][23]
2017  Uganda MARV 3 3 100% [24]
2021  Guinea MARV 1 1 100% [25][26][27]
2022  Ghana MARV 3 2 66.66% [28]
2023  Equatorial Guinea MARV 40 35 88% [29][30][31]
2023  Tanzania MARV 9 6 66% [32][33]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Rwanda reports first-ever Marburg virus disease outbreak, with 26 cases confirmed". World Health Organization Africa. 28 September 2024. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  2. ^ Ssuuna, Ignatius (October 1, 2024). "Rwanda reports 8 deaths linked to Ebola-like Marburg virus days after it declared an outbreak". Associated Press. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  3. ^ "Marburg virus kills 6 in Rwanda, health minister says". Voice of America. Reuters. 28 September 2024. Archived from the original on 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  4. ^ "Rwanda: Marbug virus has killed several people; WHO plans to send medical aid". Africanews. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  5. ^ "Health Alert – U.S. Embassy Kigali". U.S. Embassy in Rwanda. 28 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  6. ^ a b Volkmer, Anna (2 October 2024). "Marburg virus: First cases in Rwanda spark international alarm". British Medical Journal. 387: q2155. doi:10.1136/bmj.q2155. ISSN 1756-1833.
  7. ^ "Rwanda reports first-ever Marburg virus disease outbreak, with 26 cases confirmed". ReliefWeb. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  8. ^ Nair, Devika; Girinema, Philbert (28 September 2024). Wallis, Daniel (ed.). "Six people died of Marburg virus in Rwanda, health minister says". Reuters. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  9. ^ "Marburg virus death toll in Rwanda rises to 11 as travellers in Germany test negative". Euronews. 3 October 2024. Eleven people have died in Rwanda as the African country continues to fight an outbreak of Marburg virus. The Rwandan government said there were 36 confirmed cases of the virus in its latest update, with 25 people in isolation.
  10. ^ "Travel warning as eight die from incurable Marburg virus". The Independent. 3 October 2024. Based on the current risk assessment, WHO advises against any travel and trade restrictions with Rwanda.
  11. ^ "UK tourists warned 'do not travel' over incurable virus which has killed nine". Birmingham Live. 2 October 2024. A "do not travel" warning has been issued to UK tourists after nine died of an incurable virus. The World Health Organisation has warned people are being advised not to visit the country and to watch out for symptoms amid a "high risk".
  12. ^ "Travellers given warning as incurable disease spreads after eight die". Daily Record. 1 October 2024. The World Health Organisation has issued a 'high' risk warning after 26 cases and eight fatalities were linked to the spread of the deadly and incurable Marburg Virus Disease. Efforts are under way to trace 300 individuals who may have been in contact with those infected.
  13. ^ a b c "About Marburg Disease". CDC. 1 May 2024. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  14. ^ "Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever". World Health Organization Africa. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  15. ^ "Marburg virus disease". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  16. ^ "Ebola Vaccine Product Information". CDC. 12 August 2024. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  17. ^ Reynolds P, Marzi A (August 2017). "Ebola and Marburg virus vaccines". Virus Genes. 53 (4): 501–515. doi:10.1007/s11262-017-1455-x. PMC 7089128. PMID 28447193.
  18. ^ "MSF's response to CEPI's policy regarding equitable access". Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign. September 25, 2018. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2020. In vaccine development, access to know how is important. Knowledge and expertise including but not limited to purification techniques, cell lines, materials, software codes and their transfer of this to alternative manufacturers in the event the awardee discontinues development of a promising vaccine is critically important. The recent example of Merck abandoning the development of rVSV vaccines for Marburg (rVSV-MARV) and for Sudan-Ebola (rVSV-SUDV) is a case in point. Merck continues to retain vital know-how on the rVSV platform as it developed the rVSV vaccine for Zaire-Ebola (rVSV-ZEBOV) with funding support from GAVI. While it has transferred the rights on these vaccines back to Public Health Agency of Canada, there is no mechanism to share know how on the rVSV platform with other vaccine developers who would like to also use rVSV as a vector against other pathogens.
  19. ^ Brauburger, Kristina; Hume, Adam J.; Mühlberger, Elke; Olejnik, Judith (1 October 2012). "Forty-Five Years of Marburg Virus Research". Viruses. 4 (10): 1878–1927. doi:10.3390/v4101878. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3497034. PMID 23202446.
  20. ^ "Marburg hemorrhagic fever outbreak continues in Uganda". Healio. October 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2014-10-08.
  21. ^ "Marburg haemorrhagic fever in Uganda – update". World Health Organization. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  22. ^ "1st LD-Writethru: Deadly Marburg hemorrhagic fever breaks out in Uganda". China.org.cn. October 5, 2014. Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  23. ^ "Marburg virus disease – Uganda". World Health Organization. 13 October 2014. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  24. ^ "Uganda controls deadly Marburg fever outbreak, WHO says". ABC News. Associated Press. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  25. ^ Ross, Aaron (7 August 2021). Orlofsky, Steve (ed.). "Guinea records probable case of Ebola-like Marburg virus". Reuters. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  26. ^ "West Africa's first-ever case of Marburg virus disease confirmed in Guinea". World Health Organization Africa. 9 August 2021.
  27. ^ Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper (August 10, 2021). Elgood, Giles (ed.). "Guinea records West Africa's first Marburg virus death, WHO says". Reuters. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  28. ^ "Ghana confirms first cases of deadly Marburg virus". BBC News. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  29. ^ "Equatorial Guinea declares outbreak of Ebola-like Marburg virus". BNO News. 13 February 2023. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  30. ^ Schnirring, Lisa (4 April 2023). "Equatorial Guinea confirms another Marburg virus case". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  31. ^ Schnirring, Lisa (24 April 2023). "New fatal Marburg case reported in Equatorial Guinea". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  32. ^ Schnirring, Lisa (22 March 2023). "Tanzania declares Marburg virus outbreak". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  33. ^ "Tanzania reports additional Marburg virus disease case". Outbreak News Today. 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.

Further reading

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  • Ryabchikova, Elena I.; Price, Barbara B. (2004). Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy. Columbus, Ohio, USA: Battelle Press. ISBN 978-1-57477-131-2.
  • Martini, G. A.; Siegert, R. (1971). Marburg Virus Disease. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-05199-4.
  • Klenk, Hans-Dieter; Feldmann, Heinz (2004). Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology. Wymondham, Norfolk, UK: Horizon Bioscience. ISBN 978-0-9545232-3-7.
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