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Solar eclipse of December 3, 1899

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Solar eclipse of December 3, 1899
Map
Type of eclipse
NatureAnnular
Gamma−0.9061
Magnitude0.9836
Maximum eclipse
Duration61 s (1 min 1 s)
Coordinates86°36′S 121°30′E / 86.6°S 121.5°E / -86.6; 121.5
Max. width of band140 km (87 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse0:57:28
References
Saros121 (54 of 71)
Catalog # (SE5000)9280

An annular solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit between Saturday, December 2 and Sunday, December 3, 1899,[1] with a magnitude of 0.9836. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 4.25 days before perigee (on December 7, 1899, at 6:10 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[2]

The path of annularity was visible from parts of Antarctica. A partial solar eclipse was also visible for parts of southern Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica.

Description

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The eclipse took place in much of the southeast part of the Indian Ocean and included some of the islands and all of Antarctica (many areas had a 24-hour daylight at the time) except for the South Orkney Islands, it also included most of the south of Western Australia, a part of the southwesternmost state of Victoria and much of Tasmania except for the northeasternmost part, most of New Zealand's South Island, particularly the southern part and a part of the southern portion of the Pacific Ocean. The rim of the eclipse included the area hundreds of miles (or kilometers) from Cocos Islands and the southernmost of South America, it also included the southernmost portion of the Atlantic Ocean.

The umbral portion crossed the middle of Antarctica which was close to the South Pole and the south part of the middle of the continent's peninsula, it lasted over a minute.

The eclipse began at sunrise thousands of miles (or kilometers) offshore from Africa and west of Australia and ended at sunset at Patagonia and thousands of kilometers offshore from Chile and Peru. The greatest eclipse was in the Antarctic Peninsula north of the South Pole at 86.6 S and 121.5 E at 0:57 UTC (8:57 AM local time).[3]

It was around 65% obscured in Antarctica where the Indian and the Pacific Oceans separates.

As the moon moved towards the left on Earth in Australia and New Zealand, at the other side of Northern Antarctica that includes the 70th meridian, it was seen as it was moved towards the bottom right, in areas within the Prime Meridian, it moved right, at the peninsula, it then moved top right as the axis spun at around the 68th parallel south.

Eclipse details

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Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[4]

December 3, 1899 Solar Eclipse Times
Event Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact 1899 December 02 at 22:39:46.9 UTC
First Umbral External Contact 1899 December 03 at 00:10:07.9 UTC
First Central Line 1899 December 03 at 00:11:50.2 UTC
Greatest Duration 1899 December 03 at 00:11:50.2 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact 1899 December 03 at 00:13:35.8 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction 1899 December 03 at 00:47:39.3 UTC
Greatest Eclipse 1899 December 03 at 00:57:27.6 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction 1899 December 03 at 01:01:47.7 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact 1899 December 03 at 01:41:19.0 UTC
Last Central Line 1899 December 03 at 01:43:01.8 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact 1899 December 03 at 01:44:41.3 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact 1899 December 03 at 03:15:00.7 UTC
December 3, 1899 Solar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Eclipse Magnitude 0.98358
Eclipse Obscuration 0.96744
Gamma −0.90612
Sun Right Ascension 16h36m20.0s
Sun Declination -22°03'32.4"
Sun Semi-Diameter 16'13.7"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.9"
Moon Right Ascension 16h36m10.0s
Moon Declination -22°56'05.9"
Moon Semi-Diameter 15'51.6"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 0°58'12.6"
ΔT -2.9 s

Eclipse season

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This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of December 1899
December 3
Ascending node (new moon)
December 17
Descending node (full moon)
Annular solar eclipse
Solar Saros 121
Partial lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 133
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Eclipses in 1899

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Metonic

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Tzolkinex

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Half-Saros

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Tritos

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Solar Saros 121

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Inex

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Triad

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Solar eclipses of 1898–1902

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This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[5]

The solar eclipses on January 22, 1898 (total) and July 18, 1898 (annular) occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the partial solar eclipse on April 8, 1902 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1898 to 1902
Ascending node   Descending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
111 December 13, 1898

Partial
−1.5252 116 June 8, 1899

Partial
1.2089
121 December 3, 1899

Annular
−0.9061 126

Totality in Wadesboro, North Carolina
May 28, 1900

Total
0.3943
131 November 22, 1900

Annular
−0.2245 136 May 18, 1901

Total
−0.3626
141 November 11, 1901

Annular
0.4758 146 May 7, 1902

Partial
−1.0831
151 October 31, 1902

Partial
1.1556

Saros 121

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This eclipse is a part of Saros series 121, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 71 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on April 25, 944 AD. It contains total eclipses from July 10, 1070 through October 9, 1809; hybrid eclipses on October 20, 1827 and October 30, 1845; and annular eclipses from November 11, 1863 through February 28, 2044. The series ends at member 71 as a partial eclipse on June 7, 2206. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of totality was produced by member 39 at 6 minutes, 20 seconds on June 21, 1629, and the longest duration of annularity will be produced by member 62 at 2 minutes, 27 seconds on February 28, 2044. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit.[6]

Series members 49–70 occur between 1801 and 2200:
49 50 51

October 9, 1809

October 20, 1827

October 30, 1845
52 53 54

November 11, 1863

November 21, 1881

December 3, 1899
55 56 57

December 14, 1917

December 25, 1935

January 5, 1954
58 59 60

January 16, 1972

January 26, 1990

February 7, 2008
61 62 63

February 17, 2026

February 28, 2044

March 11, 2062
64 65 66

March 21, 2080

April 1, 2098

April 13, 2116
67 68 69

April 24, 2134

May 4, 2152

May 16, 2170
70

May 26, 2188

Metonic series

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The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.

22 eclipse events between December 2, 1880 and July 9, 1964
December 2–3 September 20–21 July 9–10 April 26–28 February 13–14
111 113 115 117 119

December 2, 1880

July 9, 1888

April 26, 1892

February 13, 1896
121 123 125 127 129

December 3, 1899

September 21, 1903

July 10, 1907

April 28, 1911

February 14, 1915
131 133 135 137 139

December 3, 1918

September 21, 1922

July 9, 1926

April 28, 1930

February 14, 1934
141 143 145 147 149

December 2, 1937

September 21, 1941

July 9, 1945

April 28, 1949

February 14, 1953
151 153 155

December 2, 1956

September 20, 1960

July 9, 1964

Tritos series

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This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200

September 8, 1801
(Saros 112)

August 7, 1812
(Saros 113)

July 8, 1823
(Saros 114)

June 7, 1834
(Saros 115)

May 6, 1845
(Saros 116)

April 5, 1856
(Saros 117)

March 6, 1867
(Saros 118)

February 2, 1878
(Saros 119)

January 1, 1889
(Saros 120)

December 3, 1899
(Saros 121)

November 2, 1910
(Saros 122)

October 1, 1921
(Saros 123)

August 31, 1932
(Saros 124)

August 1, 1943
(Saros 125)

June 30, 1954
(Saros 126)

May 30, 1965
(Saros 127)

April 29, 1976
(Saros 128)

March 29, 1987
(Saros 129)

February 26, 1998
(Saros 130)

January 26, 2009
(Saros 131)

December 26, 2019
(Saros 132)

November 25, 2030
(Saros 133)

October 25, 2041
(Saros 134)

September 22, 2052
(Saros 135)

August 24, 2063
(Saros 136)

July 24, 2074
(Saros 137)

June 22, 2085
(Saros 138)

May 22, 2096
(Saros 139)

April 23, 2107
(Saros 140)

March 22, 2118
(Saros 141)

February 18, 2129
(Saros 142)

January 20, 2140
(Saros 143)

December 19, 2150
(Saros 144)

November 17, 2161
(Saros 145)

October 17, 2172
(Saros 146)

September 16, 2183
(Saros 147)

August 16, 2194
(Saros 148)

Inex series

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This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200

February 1, 1813
(Saros 118)

January 11, 1842
(Saros 119)

December 22, 1870
(Saros 120)

December 3, 1899
(Saros 121)

November 12, 1928
(Saros 122)

October 23, 1957
(Saros 123)

October 3, 1986
(Saros 124)

September 13, 2015
(Saros 125)

August 23, 2044
(Saros 126)

August 3, 2073
(Saros 127)

July 15, 2102
(Saros 128)

June 25, 2131
(Saros 129)

June 4, 2160
(Saros 130)

May 15, 2189
(Saros 131)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Eclipses of Sun and Moon". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1899-12-03. p. 11. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  3. ^ "Solar eclipse of November 21, 1881". NASA. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  4. ^ "Annular Solar Eclipse of 1899 Dec 03". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  5. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  6. ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 121". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
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