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Varsity Athletics Match is an annual athletics (track and field) match between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge held annually since 1864.

Exeter College, Oxford, were the first to hold college sports, in 1850. Other colleges followed suit in quick succession and sometime in 1856 a committee was formed under Robert Barclay of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the first inter-college athletic sports were held at Fenner's, the Cambridge University cricket ground, from 16 to 18 March 1857. These would come to be known as the Cambridge University Sports. Oxford University emulated that in 1860 and the first athletics match between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge took place on the Christ Church College cricket ground in Oxford, on Saturday 5 March 1864. There were eight events on the programme and the match ended in a draw, with each team winning four events. There not being any women at either university at the time the meet was open to men only, and women did not participate until 1975.

Athletics was not the first sport to establish a match between Oxford and Cambridge. They had played cricket in 1827, rowing started in 1829, rackets in 1855, and tennis in 1860. That's real tennis, lawn tennis was not developed until the 1870s. They also played billiards in 1860, had their first rifle shooting match in 1862, and had a steeplechase match in 1863.

The only field events on the programme that first year were the long jump and high jump, both of which were won by Francis Gooch, Merton College, Oxford. Benjamin Darbyshire, Wadham College, Oxford, won both the 100 yards and 440 yards, while four different Cambridge athletes, all from Trinity College, won their four events. Charles Lawes won the 1 mile, Arthur Daniel the 120 yard hurdles, Edward Wynne-Finch won the 200 yard hurdles, the only time the event has ever been held in the match, and Richard Garnett won the steeplechase. Unlike a modern steeplechase held on the track, this was held over 2 miles of rough country, with the athletes twice negotiating a 12-foot brook and several hedges before returning to finish on the track.

In 1867 the authorities at Oxford University refused permission for the match to be held there and the venue switched to Beaufort House in West London. The Civil Service Sports had been held there since 1864, the Amateur Athletic Club Championship had been held there in 1866, it was the premier athletics venue in London and the change of venue established the varsity match as an important part of the social calendar of the day. By 1876 fifteen thousand spectators came annually to watch the match.

The 1868 edition saw five world best performances. John Tennent of Wadham College, Oxford, equalled the world best of 10 seconds for 100 yards; John Ridley of Jesus College, Cambridge set new figures of 51 seconds for 440 yards; William Gibbs, also of Jesus College, Cambridge, established new best figures of 4:28 4/5 for 1 mile; John Morgan of Trinity College, Oxford ran 15:20 1/5 for 3 miles, the first time the event had been held in the match, and Thomas Batson of Lincoln College, Oxford, threw the hammer 99ft 6in (30.34m).[1]

In 1864 and 1865 Francis Gooch (Merton, Oxford) won both the high jump and long jump events, for a total of four event wins, a record that was not broken until 1913 when Henry Ashington (King's, Cambridge) won five events in two years and seven events in three years. After finishing last in 1 mile in 1911 he won the 120 yard hurdles and long jump in 1912, the same two events plus the 880 yards in 1913, the first to win three events in one year, and won the high jump and long jump in 1914. He died in action on 31 January 1917.

Annual and cumulative scores

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Annual and cumulative scores
  Annual score Cumulative score  
Date Venue Oxford Cambridge Tie Oxford Cambridge Tie source
5 March 1864 Christ Church College cricket ground, Oxford 4 4 1 [2][3]
25 March 1865 Fenner's cricket ground, Cambridge 3 6 1 1 [4][5]
10 March 1866 Christ Church College cricket ground, Oxford 3 5 1 2 1 [6][7]
12 April 1867 Beaufort House, Walham Green, London 3 6 3 1 [8][9]
3 April 1868 Beaufort House, Walham Green, London 5 4 1 3 1 [10][11]
18 March 1869 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 5 1 1 4 1 [12]
7 April 1870 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 7 1 1 2 4 1 [13]
31 March 1871 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 5 3 1 3 4 1 [14]
25 March 1872 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 5 1 3 5 1 [15]
31 March 1873 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 4 5 1 [16]
27 March 1874 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 5 4 5 5 1 [17]
19 March 1875 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 6 5 1 [18]
7 April 1876 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 7 5 1 [19]
23 March 1877 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 7 6 1 [20]
12 April 1878 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 7 7 1 [21]
4 April 1879 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 7 8 1 [22]
19 March 1880 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 6 7 9 1 [23]
7 April 1881 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 5 4 8 9 1 [24]
31 March 1882 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 8 10 1 [25]
16 March 1883 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 3 6 8 11 1 [26]
8 April 1884 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 9 11 1 [27]
27 March 1885 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 5 3 1 10 11 1 [28]
2 April 1886 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 11 11 1 [29]
25 March 1887 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 6 11 12 1 [30]
23 March 1888 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 11 13 1 [31]
29 March 1889 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 11 14 1 [32]
22 March 1890 Queen's Club, West Kensington 3 6 11 15 1 [33]
20 March 1891 Queen's Club, West Kensington 3 5 1 11 16 1 [34]
8 April 1892 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 11 17 1 [35]
23 March 1893 Queen's Club, West Kensington 7 2 12 17 1 [36]
17 March 1894 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 3 13 17 1 [37]
3 July 1895 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 13 18 1 [38]
27 March 1896 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 13 19 1 [39]
2 April 1897 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 4 14 19 1 [40]
29 June 1898 Queen's Club, West Kensington 7 2 15 19 1 [41]
24 March 1899 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 5 15 19 2 [42]
30 March 1900 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 4 16 19 2 [43]
29 March 1901 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 4 17 19 2 [44]
21 March 1902 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 4 18 19 2 [45]
28 March 1903 Queen's Club, West Kensington 2 8 18 20 2 [46]
26 March 1904 Queen's Club, West Kensington 2 8 18 21 2 [47]
31 March 1905 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 3 1 19 21 2 [48]
24 March 1906 Queen's Club, West Kensington 7 3 20 21 2 [49]
22 March 1907 Queen's Club, West Kensington 8 1 1 21 21 2 [50]
28 March 1908 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 6 21 22 2 [51]
19 March 1909 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 4 22 22 2 [52]
19 March 1910 Queen's Club, West Kensington 3 7 22 23 2 [53]
25 March 1911 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 6 22 24 2 [54]
23 March 1912 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 5 22 24 3 [55]
14 March 1913 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 5 22 24 4 [56]
27 March 1914 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 6 22 25 4 [57]
1915-1919 no contest due to World War I
1920

History of the Steeplechase

[edit]

Steeple chasing was originally a horse riding event that grew out of hunting with dogs. A pack of dogs would be set on the trail of the prey while riders on horses chased after the dogs, going over fields, leaping fences, jumping over gates and ditches, bounding over brooks and streams, racing through woods, until finally the prey was caught. By the start of the nineteenth century hunting for foxes, hares and stags like this was quite common all over Britain, and even the king of England kept both a pack of Stag Hounds and a pack of Harriers for hunting hares.[58][59]

Occasionally, the riders would go out and find that there was no prey, that they could not unearth a fox or hare to chase, when, so as not to waste the day, they would engage in a sport known as steeple hunting, or hunt the steeple. This "consists of the horsemen riding helter skelter towards the first church steeple that catches their eye, and he that is in first is the best man."[60][61][62] Since riding like this was exhilarating and exciting people started going out for the specific purpose of racing like this. These races are thought to have started in Ireland and the sport, now being called, "steeple race," arrived in England in November 1796 when three men raced from Barkby Holt to Billesdon Coplow, Leicestershire, and back again, for a stake of one hundred Guineas. The winner, Mr. C. Meynell, covered the nine miles in twenty-six minutes.[63][64][65] The term "steeple chase," first appears in the British Newspaper Archive in this context on 20 March 1802, "steeple-chase" first appears on 12 July 1811, and "steeplechase" on 30 December 1819.[66][67][68]

The earliest mention of a foot race being called a steeplechase took place in the back garden of a pub in Edinburgh in May 1827. This is the first public meeting of the Edinburgh Six Foot Club, at Hunter's Tryst, where they had three sports, quoits, rifle shooting, and this single foot race they called a steeplechase. What the race actually consisted of is not known, other than that it was called a steeplechase, the finish was by a hand-held flag, and the winner was awarded a silver medal.[69] The following year they had a very similar meeting where the steeplechase is described as being "about a mile," but the winner took a mere "three minutes and a half," so it probably was not a mile. Or they had a very slow watch.[70][71] The following year, 1829, the winner took six minutes.[72] Being in a field beside a pub, and not very long, probably also means it was not really a steeplechase. To be a steeplechase, even before there are running tracks, there surely has to be at least one water-filled ditch. If you haven't got at least one wet foot when you cross the finish line then it wasn't a steeplechase. And the earliest known foot race that was both called a steeplechase and had a water obstacle took place on Friday, 24 July 1829, on the banks of the river Leithen, about twenty-five miles from Edinburgh, at the St Ronan's Border Games. The winner was George Laidlaw, a shepherd from Crosslee, and a cousin to the author James Hogg.

a red flag being placed upon a hill at a distance, the candidates were started in the middle of the wood, and every man chose his own road to the point, and his road back again through waters and corn fields, over dykes and ditches, while the rain which came on suddenly was pouring on them abundantly.[73]

The steeplechase would remain that sort of rough cross country race for a number of years until it was established that races could start or finish on, and eventually be held entirely on, a running track. At the same time cross country running was beginning to develop from paper chasing, or Hare and Hounds as it was also being called, and it began to emerge that there was a difference between cross country and steeplechase. In cross country running all the runners followed the same route, but in steeplechase runners were given a start and end point and found their own way, as long as they adhered to local rules about how much of the route could be covered on roads or paths, and that they were not allowed to leap a gate or stile, but had to go over the hedge, ditch or fence.

The first school to have a steeplechase was Rugby, in April 1834. The pupils organised it themselves, starting from a field one mile outside of town, they ran to the top of Barby Hill, around four miles away. On the way they encountered a "tremendous" hedge with a brook on the other side of it, and several boys lost a shoe in the mud.[74][75]

Later the same month Liddesdale Gymnastic Society held their first meeting on the haugh at Mangerton Holm, near Newcastleton, consisting mostly of jumping and throwing events, 22lb shot put, standing triple jump, and Andrew Gray, a baker's apprentice from Hawick set a world best in the long jump of 18ft 3in (5.56m).[76] They also had three foot races, 500 yards, 1 mile, and a steeplechase of unknown length won by James Waugh from Toftholm in Liddesdale. This was the first time the steeplechase had been included in a meet alongside other events that were exclusively from the sport of athletics.[77][78] Although we don't know what the route was like, the following year it was described thus:

a bold ravine with the Liddel flowing in the dale, the distance being to and from the high ground on either side. There was a fair proportion of stone walls, and hedges, as well as the river, and rising and falling ground, and all was cleared in fine style.[79][80]

By this time other Highland and Border Games were holding races they called a steeplechase, the Highland Club of Scotland held one on Inchkeith Island in July 1828, the East-Lothian Tyneside Games had one in Amisfield Park, Haddington, in October 1833, the Tillside Border Games held one at Etal in Northumberland in April 1836, but there was no water involved in these races and they were steeplechase in name only.[81][82][83] The idea that the event needs to include a water obstacle seems to have been taken rather more seriously south of the border. In April 1834, at Trenley Park, near Fordwich, about three miles east of Canterbury, eleven men from the villages of Sturry, Fordwich, and Westbere ran a steeplechase that required them to navigate nine ditches, two streams around eighteen feet wide, and then they crossed the River Stour, which at that point was over forty feet wide and five feet deep. This last was, as the newspaper explained, "truly formidable to such of the sportsmen as were unable to swim." Henry Cart of Fordwich was the winner, covering the one mile route in a little over eight minutes.[84]

In August that year, on the other side of Canterbury, near Whitehall Dyke, there was a steeplechase on a more lavish scale, with fireworks, and prizes, and a band, and a signal gun for the start, and tents serving refreshments to the three thousand spectators who turned up to watch the runners swim the River Stour, four feet deep at that point. This time fourteen runners negotiated twenty leaps, over "rather more than a mile," and the winner was Henry Friar (Harbledown) in 8:15, earning a prize of three pounds. At the finish each runner was given a glass of brandy, and in the evening they all dined together in a local inn.[85]

Advertisement for the Whitlingham Steeplechase 1838

In May 1837 Princess Victoria celebrated her eighteenth birthday, and towns and villages up and down the country had festivities and sports on the occasion. At Mottisfont in Hampshire, midway between Salisbury and Winchester, their sports included three steeplechases for different age groups, the first age-graded steeplechases. The open race was for all comers, a second race was for runners aged between sixteen and twenty-one, and a third race was for runners under sixteen years of age. No results are available, but, "two rivers were crossed, and several hedges and ditches were cleared in good style."[86]

In 1838 there occurred the coronation of Queen Victoria and public sport formed a part of the celebrations in many parts of the country. There were at least a dozen steeplechases held in places as far apart as Innerleithen and Roslin in Scotland, Edgbaston near Birmingham, Midsomer Norton in Somerset and Mottisfont in Hampshire.[87][88][89][90][91] Cardiff and Cowbridge both held steeplechases on 28 June, coronation day itself, sharing the honour of the first steeplechase in Wales.[92][93]

By 1840 the steeplechase had become sufficiently popular that in just one month there were ten races in different parts of the country, with six of these held over the three-day Easter weekend, the traditional date for the end of the season for the horse racing steeple chase.

At Birkenhead on the 1st April, seventeen men ran one mile and a half, "over a sporting country," in front of a very small crowd, reduced, perhaps, by a suspicion that the date might mean it was a hoax.[94][95] On the fifteenth, nine men contested a steeplechase of three-quarters of a mile at Kensington, to the east of the city of Liverpool.[96][97] Then on Good Friday, at the Wooler Gymnastic Games in Northumberland, Anthony Dag cleared 10 feet (3.05m) in the standing long jump and 40ft (12.19m) in the triple jump, then three shepherds running barefoot contested a steeplechase of one mile for a new hat, "over bog, moor, dyke, and whin, directly up the face of a hill."[98] The same day, at Blandy's Farm, on the Bath Road near Worcester, seventeen men dressed as horse racing jockeys ran a "steeple match" of about a mile with eight jumps in six minutes.[99] The following day, ten men similarly attired "crossed many ditches, a beck and a rivulet," in front of "vast numbers" of spectators at Driffield, in the East Riding of Yorkshire.[100][101]

For the first of three races on Easter Monday the banks of the River Kennet at Newbury were lined with spectators to witness a race from the Old Dog Kennel (an inn) a distance of a mile and a half "over meadows and through two large brooks."[102] At Wells Next the Sea ten "fine young robust fellows" ran a steeplechase across Holkham Marshes.[103] And the day ended with a steeplechase at Newark, where 3,000 spectators watched six young men run a mile and a half including a crossing of the River Trent, "full 20 feet wide."[104][105]

And finally, on Tuesday 21 April an estimated 15,000 spectators lined the Park in front of Nottingham Castle to watch a steeplechase that took the runners through the Park, across the River Leen, then across the Nottingham Canal (five feet deep), then another dyke six yards wide, and across some meadows to the railway embankment where they turned round and retraced their route back to the Park.[106][107][108]

Though still being run across country, the steeplechase has emerged as distinctly different from cross country running. The steeplechase is a much shorter race, requiring no more than around nine or ten minutes of running, whereas at this time cross country was commonly more than six miles and up to around ten miles. The steeplechase was increasingly seen as a spectator sport, with route planning considering where the spectators will view the race, and these two factors combined mean that betting had become a part of the sport, with odds being quoted in the newspapers and on-course betting being an added excitement for the crowds.

Advert for a Steeplechase open to All England to be held near Newark, Nottinghamshire, on Good Friday, 17 April 1840.

The earliest venue to have a man-made water jump was the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. There was no track at the college and the races for the cadets annual athletic sports were held on a network of gravel footpaths on the park between the college buildings and Lower Lake, one of two lakes on the grounds. The steeplechase was 800 yards long, and had 12 flights of hurdles and a wet ditch, fourteen feet wide, with an embankment three feet high. It is not known how deep the water was, but accounts of races do not mention athletes swimming, or being submerged, so it is commonly assumed to have been no more than two or three feet deep.[109]


The first steeplechase to take place entirely on a running track was at the Civil Service Sports at Beaufort House in May 1868. The race required athletes to negotiate four hurdles and a water jump, with a furze hedge on the take-off side, with all obstacles being encountered twice in the 700 yard race. The winner was Sydney Abbott of the British Museum.[110]

The Amateur Athletic Association Championship (AAA) was the de-facto World Championship of athletics until the IAAF (now World Athletics) World Championships started in the 1980s. At the first AAA Championship in 1880 the steeplechase was run over 1 mile 1,440 yards and won by James Concannon of Widnes Football Club. The distance was standardised at 2 miles from 1913 when it was won in 11:03.6 by Charles Ruffell of Highgate Harriers, his only AAA championship win.[111] The first man to defend his title was William Snook (Moseley Harriers) who won it in 1884 and 1885. The first winner from outside the British Isles was George Orton of Canada in 1898, and the only non-British athlete to win it more than once was Petar Šegedin (Yugoslavia) with wins in 1950 and 1951. Maurice Herriott (Sparkhill Harriers) won the AAA title eight times, including seven consecutive wins from 1961-67.

Steeplechase in Celtic Park, New York in 1912.

The steeplechase was not run at the modern Olympic Games until 1900, when they made up for it by having two. On Sunday 15 July, six men lined up for a 2,500 metres steeplechase with a water jump, hurdles, and stone fences on each of five laps of the Croix Catelan track in Paris. George Orton (Canada) hung back for most of the race but came through strongly on the final lap to become the very first Olympic steeplechase champion, and Canada's first Olympic champion.[112] The following day they faced eight laps of the same course for a 4,000 metres steeplechase won by John Rimmer (Great Britain) who led from start to finish.[113] They had further races at different distances in 1904 and 1908 and the event was first held over 3000 metres at the 1920 games in Antwerp, when the winner, in 10:00.4, was Percy Hodge of Great Britain.[114]

Alt
Percy Hodge at the water jump in the 1920 Olympics.

The steeplechase was not on the programme for the first European Championships in Turin in 1934, so the first European champion was Lars Larsson who ran 9:16.2 to win Sweden's only gold medal on the track at the second European Championships at Stade Yves-du-Manoir in Paris on 5 September 1938.[115]

The first two iterations of the World Athletics Championships consisted of a limited number of events that had been excluded from that year's Olympic Games. The first World Championships to incude the full suite of men's and women's events was at Helsinki, Finland, in August 1983, and the first World Champion in a time 8:15.06 was Patriz Ilg of West Germany.[116]

Alt
Olympic Final, Rome 1960, 420 Deacon Jones (United States), 569 Semyon Rzhishcin (Russia), 242 Gaston Roelants (Belgium), 568 Nikolay Sokolov (Russia), 570 Aleksey Konov (Russia)

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) introduced a 2 miles steeplechase in 1948, the first winner, in 9:25.7, being Browning Ross (Villanova). But to start with they held it only in Olympic years, so the next winner was Bob McMullen of San Jose State in 1952. It didn't become an annual event until 1959 when it was won by John Macy (Houston) who finished fifth in 1960. The first man to successfully defend his title was Victor Zwolak of Villanova who won it in 1963 (9:10.1) and 1964 (8:42.0).

Due to variations in the size, number, and spacing of the hurdles, and the size and position of the water jump, performances before 1954 are not comparable, but the first man under ten minutes was Josef Ternström of Sweden who ran 9:49.8 at Malmö on 4 July 1914, the first man under nine minutes was Erik Elmsäter of Sweden who ran 8:59.6 in Stockholm on 4 August 1944. By 1954 when the event was standardised and world records were first recognised the Finnish national record and best performance by an amateur was 8:44.4 by Olavi Rinteenpää at Helsinki on 2 July 1953.

Alt
Volmari Iso-Hollo at the water jump in the 1936 Olympics.

The first world record for the event was ratified as 8:49.6 by Sándor Rozsnyói of Hungary in Berne, Switzerland, on 28 August 1954. This presented the awkward situation that the Finnish national record was better than the world record, but the situation was resolved within a year when Jerzy Chromik of Poland ran 8:41.2 in an international meet between Czechoslovakia and Poland at Brno on 31 August 1955.

Gaston Roelants of Belgium was the first man under 8:30, running 8:29.6 at Louvain, Belgium on 7 September 1963, and on 16 August 1995 Moses Kiptanui of Kenya broke eight minutes for the first time running 7:59.18 at the Weltklasse meet at Zurich, Switzerland.

Other notable exponents of the event include Volmari Iso-Hollo of Finland who set three world records and won Olympic Gold medals in 1932 and 1936 and is the only man to have defended the Olympic title. Anders Gärderud of Sweden set four world records in the event between 1972 and 1976. Henry Rono of Kenya set in 1978 the last hand-timed world record of 8:05.4 that lasted for eleven years and two months until it was beaten by his fellow Kenyan Peter Koech in Stockholm in July 1989.

At a senior level, women's steeplechase started in the Soviet Union in the 1980s, with early races over 2000 metres taking place in Kiev, Gorkiy, and Vilnius. But the first significant race in women's steeplechase was at the World Veterans Games in Melbourne, in December 1987, where they held an invitation 2000 metres steeplechase for women over the age of 35. The winner was Fay Riley (New Zealand) who ran 8.43.79.[117] At their next championships, by now being called the World Veterans Championships, in Eugene, Oregon in August 1989, they held four different championships for women in different age groups with Robyn Winter (New Zealand) winning the W35 event in 8:37.19.[118]

Starting in 1988 the Soviet Union held a 2000 metres steeplechase championship for women, the first winner being Marina Pluzhnikova (6:16.41).[119] From 1991 the United States held a 2000 metres non-championship race for women at their national championships, which became a 3000 metres non-championship race in 1995 then in 1998 Courtney Meldrum became the first woman to win a national championship at 3000 metres steeplechase running 10:21.00 at the Tad Gormley Stadium in New Orleans. Argentina (Verónica Páez), Australia (Melissa Rollison), Canada (Karen Harvey), Poland (Justyna Bąk), and Russia (Yelena Motalova) all had a women's 3000 metres steeplechase championship in 1999. Daniela Petrescu (Roumania) was the first woman under ten minutes, running 9:55.3 at Bucharest on 20 June 1998 and by the end of the century the best time was 9:48.9 to Yelena Motalova of Russia at Tula on 31 July 1999.

Alt
Heat one, womens 3000m steeplechase, London 2012, Sviatlana Kudzelich, Salima El Ouali Alami, Polina Jelizarova, Binnaz Uslu, Korene Hinds, Etenesh Diro, Zhenzhu Li, Milcah Chemos Cheywa, Gesa Felicitas Krause, Shalaya Kipp, Barbara Parker, Gulnara Galkina, Diana Martín

Finland (Johanna Risku), France (Céline Rajot), New Zealand (Rachel Penney) and Norway (Susanne Wigene) all held women's 3000 metres championships in 2000. The first British champion was Tina Brown of Coventry Godiva Harriers in 2004, while Maria McCambridge of Dundrum, Ireland, won the first Scottish championship in 2007, and in the same year Roisin McGettigan became the first women's steeplechase champion of Ireland.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) adopted the women's event in 2001, the first winner, in 9:49.73, was Elizabeth Jackson of Brigham Young University. In 2005 Dorcus Inzikuru won the first World Championship in the women's event in Helsinki, becoming Uganda's first gold medallist at the World Championships, and in 2008, at the National Stadium in Beijing, Gulnara Samitova-Galkina, of Russia became both the inaugural Olympic champion in the event and with a time of 8:58.81 she became the first woman under nine minutes for the 3000 metres steeplechase.

Since the event began there has been a debate as to whether athletes should train as hurdlers who can run a long way, or as middle-distance runners who can also hurdle. Technical books and training guides tend to include the steeplechase in amongst the other middle-distance events and there are to date no books specifically about the steeplechase. There is at least one film about a steeplechaser, Paan Singh Tomar was a soldier in the Indian army and was seven times national steeplechase champion, then he did something, different. There is also a song Hey There Delilah by American pop rock band the Plain White T's about American steelechaser Delilah DiCrescenzo.

[edit]

National Union of Track Statisticians [13]

Horsebread

[edit]

The making and selling of horse bread was controlled by law. In 1389 an act of parliament, The Statute of Victuallers and Hostellers (13 Richard II c. 8.) specified that hostelers and inn keepers were not permitted to make horse bread for sale, but that it could only be made by certified bakers, and that the weight and price of loaves should be, "Reasonable after the price of Corn in the Market."[120] No punishment was specified for offenders, but in 1402 under king Henry IV (4 Henry IV c. 25.) the fine was set at three times the value of the bread sold.[121]

In 1540 under king Henry VIII (32 Henry VIII c. 41) these terms were amended so that any hosteller or inn keeper in a town where there had been no baker for seven years was permitted to make horse bread for sale as long as the price was reasonable, according as the price of the graynes of corn that now is.[122] And this was confirmed in 1623 by a further act under king James I, An Acte Concerning Hostlers or Inholders (21 James 1. c. 21) where justices of the peace were given authority to set the fine as they saw fit.[123]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Richard Hymans "World Record Progressions" International Amateur Athletics Federation (2015)
  2. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 12 Mar 1864 p. 7
  3. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 5 Mar 1864 p. 4
  4. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 1 Apr 1865 p. 7
  5. ^ Field, Sat 1 Apr 1865 p. 21
  6. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 17 Mar 1866 p. 9
  7. ^ Sporting Life, Wed 14 Mar 1866 p. 3
  8. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 13 Apr 1867 p. 8
  9. ^ Field, Sat 13 Apr 1867 p. 24
  10. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 4 Apr 1868 p.\ 7
  11. ^ Field, Sat 4 Apr 1868 p. 16
  12. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 20 Mar 1869 p. 6
  13. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 9 Apr 1870 p. 3
  14. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 1 Apr 1871 p. 3
  15. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 30 Mar 1872 p. 5
  16. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 5 Apr 1873 p. 9
  17. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 28 Mar 1874 p. 3
  18. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 20 Mar 1875 p. 12
  19. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 8 Apr 1876 p. 11
  20. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 24 Mar 1877 p. 3
  21. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 13 Apr 1878 p. 3
  22. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 5 Apr 1879 p. 10
  23. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 20 Mar 1880 p. 9
  24. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 09 Apr 1881 p. 10
  25. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 1 Apr 1882 p. 8
  26. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 17 Mar 1883 p. 11
  27. ^ Bell's Life, Wed 9 Apr 1884 p. 1
  28. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 28 Mar 1885 p. 8
  29. ^ Field, Sat 3 Apr 1886 p. 34
  30. ^ Field, Sat 26 Mar 1887 p. 37
  31. ^ Field, Sat 24 Mar 1888 p. 25
  32. ^ Field, Sat 30 Mar 1889 p. 39
  33. ^ Field, Sat 29 Mar 1890 p. 42
  34. ^ Field, Sat 21 Mar 1891 p. 38
  35. ^ Field, Sat 9 Apr 1892 p. 46
  36. ^ Field, Sat 25 Mar 1893 p. 32
  37. ^ Field, Sat 24 Mar 1894 p. 60
  38. ^ Field, Sat 6 Jul 1895 p. 68
  39. ^ Field, Sat 28 Mar 1896 p. 40
  40. ^ Field, Sat 3 Apr 1897 p. 38
  41. ^ Field, Sat 2 Jul 1898 p. 30
  42. ^ Field, Sat 25 Mar 1899
  43. ^ Field, Sat 31 Mar 1900 p. 45
  44. ^ Field, Sat 30 Mar 1901 p. 44
  45. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 22 Mar 1902 p. 7
  46. ^ Field, Sat 4 Apr 1903 p. 41
  47. ^ Field, Sat 2 Apr 1904 p. 47
  48. ^ Field, Sat 1 Apr 1905 p. 44
  49. ^ Field, Sat 31 Mar 1906 p. 48
  50. ^ Field, Sat 23 Mar 1907 p. 38
  51. ^ Field, Sat 4 Apr 1908 p. 39
  52. ^ Field, Sat 20 Mar 1909 p. 40
  53. ^ Field, Sat 26 Mar 1910 p. 51
  54. ^ Field, Sat 1 Apr 1911 p. 57
  55. ^ Sporting Life, Mon 25 Mar 1912 p. 7
  56. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 15 Mar 1913 p. 7
  57. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 28 Mar 1914 p. 2
  58. ^ Oxford Journal, Sat 6 Mar 1790 p. 3
  59. ^ Oxford Journal, Sat 15 Oct 1791 p. 2
  60. ^ Oxford Journal, Sat 16 Apr 1785 p. 4
  61. ^ Chester Courant, Tue 19 Apr 1785 p. 1
  62. ^ Kentish Gazette, Tue 22 Nov 1791 p. 2
  63. ^ Northampton Mercury, Sat 3 Dec 1796 p. 3
  64. ^ Kentish Weekly Post or Canterbury Journal, Tue 6 Dec 1796 p. 4
  65. ^ Kentish Gazette, Tue 6 Dec 1796 p.\ 3; Chester Chronicle, Fri 9 Dec 1796 p. 3
  66. ^ Chester Courant, Tue 23 Mar 1802 p. 1
  67. ^ Drakard's Stamford News, Fri 12 Jul 1811 p. 3
  68. ^ Saunders's News-Letter, Thu 30 Dec 1819 p.4
  69. ^ Caledonian Mercury, Thu 31 May 1827 p. 3
  70. ^ Caledonian Mercury, Mon 5 May 1828 p. 3
  71. ^ Edinburgh Evening Courant, Sat 10 May 1828 p. 4
  72. ^ Dublin Evening Post, Tue 26 May 1829 p. 4
  73. ^ Edinburgh Evening Courant, Thu 30 Jul 1829 p. 4
  74. ^ Bell's Life, Sun 20 Apr 1834 p. 3
  75. ^ Coventry Herald, Fri 25 Apr 1834 p. 3
  76. ^ Richard Hymans "World Record Progressions" International Amateur Athletics Federation (2015)
  77. ^ Liverpool Standard, Fri 25 Apr 1834 p. 4
  78. ^ Wolverhampton Chronicle, Wed 30 Apr 1834 p. 2
  79. ^ Carlisle Patriot, Sat 2 May 1835 p. 3
  80. ^ Caledonian Mercury, Thu 7 May 1835 p. 3
  81. ^ Edinburgh Evening Courant, Mon 14 Jul 1828 p. 3
  82. ^ The Scotsman, Wed 9 Oct 1833 p. 4
  83. ^ Newcastle Courant, Sat 16 Apr 1836 p. 3
  84. ^ Kentish Weekly Post or Canterbury Journal, Tue 29 Apr 1834 p. 3
  85. ^ South Eastern Gazette, Tue 26 Aug 1834 p. 3
  86. ^ Salisbury and Winchester Journal, Mon 29 May 1837 p. 4
  87. ^ Caledonian Mercury, Thu 9 Aug 1838 p. 3
  88. ^ Caledonian Mercury, Mon 13 Aug 1838 p. 3
  89. ^ Bell's Life, Sun 29 Apr 1838 p. 4
  90. ^ Monmouthshire Merlin, Sat 14 Jul 1838 p. 1
  91. ^ Salisbury and Winchester Journal, Mon 11 Jun 1838 p. 4
  92. ^ Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian, Sat 23 Jun 1838 p. 3
  93. ^ Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian, Sat 7 Jul 1838 p. 3
  94. ^ Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser, Fri 3 Apr 1840 p. 3
  95. ^ Liverpool Albion, Mon 6 Apr 1840 p. 3
  96. ^ Manchester Courier, Sat 18 Apr 1840 p.\ 5
  97. ^ Liverpool Albion, Mon 20 Apr 1840 p. 3
  98. ^ Berwick Advertiser, Sat 18 Apr 1840 p. 4
  99. ^ Worcester Journal, Thu 23 Apr 1840 p. 3
  100. ^ Halifax Guardian, Sat 25 Apr 1840 p. 3
  101. ^ York Herald, Sat 25 Apr 1840 p. 3
  102. ^ Reading Mercury, Sat 25 Apr 1840 p. 2
  103. ^ Norwich Mercury, Sat 25 Apr 1840 p. 3
  104. ^ Bell's Life, Sun 26 Apr 1840 p. 4
  105. ^ Nottingham Review, Fri 24 Apr 1840 p. 6
  106. ^ Nottingham and Newark Mercury, Fri 24 Apr 1840 p. 8
  107. ^ Nottingham Review, Fri 24 Apr 1840 p. 5
  108. ^ Bell's Life, Sun 26 Apr 1840 p. 4
  109. ^ Aldershot Military Gazette, Sat 19 Sep 1863 p. 3
  110. ^ Morning Post, Mon 1 Jun 1868 p. 2
  111. ^ AAA Results 1880-1939 (2003), by Ian Buchanan
  112. ^ [1] 2,500 metres steeplechase at 1900 Olympics at Olympedia
  113. ^ [2] 4,000 metres steeplechase at 1900 Olympics at Olympedia
  114. ^ [3] 1920 Olympics at Olympedia
  115. ^ [4] European Athletics
  116. ^ [5] World Athletics 1983 WC Steeplechase
  117. ^ [6] World Veterans Games 1987
  118. ^ [7] World Veterans Games 1989
  119. ^ [8] Profile at World Athletics
  120. ^ [9] Statutes of the Realm Vol 2 (1377-1509) p. 83.
  121. ^ [10] Statutes of the Realm Vol 2 (1377-1509) p. 160.
  122. ^ [11] Statutes of the Realm Vol 3 (1509-47) p. 856
  123. ^ [12] Statutes of the Realm Vol 4 part 2 (1586-1625) p. 476.


Category:1864 establishments in England Category:Annual events in London Category:Athletics competitions in England Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1864 Category:Sport at the University of Oxford Category:Sport at the University of Cambridge Category:Sports competitions in London

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