Jump to content

User:Geekgecko/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Eocene-aged Monte Bolca fossil site near Verona, Italy was one of the first lagerstatte to be discovered to science, and still has one of the most prominent vertebrate faunas of all Cenozoic lagerstatte. It has the highest fish diversity of all known Cenozoic fossil sites, with many fossils having extremely detailed preservation. In addition, a very high diversity of marine invertebrates & land plants and a small number of land vertebrates are also known.

The Monte Bolca complex comprises two major marine limestone localities, the Pesciara (where fossils are found in caves) and the Monte Postale site (where fossils are directly quarried). The Pesciara is thought to represent a marine structural basin dominated by planktivorous fish, with an anoxic environment at the bottom that led to excellent preservation of fossils. Meanwhile, the Monte Postale site is thought to represent a turbid coastal area surrounded by mangroves, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs, with poorer fossil preservation.[1] In addition, a few small, slightly younger lignitic sites that preserve a Messel Formation-esque freshwater or brackish habitat are known nearby, which are the Purga di Bolca and Vegroni sites. These sites preserve terrestrial reptiles, plants, and freshwater/terrestrial mollusks, which are otherwise rare to absent from the complex.[2]

Cartilaginous fishes

[edit]

Based on Marrama et al, 2021:[3]

Chimaeras

[edit]
Chimaeras reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Ischyodus I. sp. Monte Postale A relative of plough-nosed chimaeras, known from a single dorsal spine.
I. quenstedti, a related species

Sharks

[edit]
Sharks reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Brachycarcharias B. lerichei Pesciara A sand shark.
Eogaleus E. bolcensis Pesciara & Monte Postale A requiem shark.
Galeorhinus G. cuvieri Pesciara & Monte Postale A relative of the school shark.

An alleged specimen from Bolca of the otherwise Cretaceous shark Mesiteia emiliae has been found to actually originate from the Sannine Formation of Lebanon.[3]

Rays

[edit]
Chondrichthyans reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Arechia A. crassicaudata Monte Postale A stingaree.
Dasyomyliobatis D. thomyorkei Pesciara A dasyomyliobatid stingray.[4]
Eoplatyrhina E. bolcensis Monte Postale A thornback ray.
Eorhinobatos E. primaevus Pesciara A guitarfish.
Lessiniabatis L. aenigmatica Pesciara A bizarre stingray of uncertain affinities.
Plesiozanobatus P. egertoni Pesciara A relative of panrays.
Promyliobatis P. gazolai Pesciara A potential eagle ray.
Pseudorhinobatos P. dezignii Monte Postale A guitarfish.
Tethytrygon T. muricatus Pesciara A whiptail stingray.
Titanonarke T. megapterygia Monte Postale An electric ray.
T. molini

Ray-finned fishes

[edit]

Primarily based on Papazzoni et al. 2014, with more recent taxa also added.[5] Taxonomic order and arrangement based on Fishes of the World (2016):[6]

Pycnodontiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Abdobalistum A. thyrsus A nursalliine pycnodont.
Nursallia N. veronae A nursalliine pycnodont.
Palaeobalistum P. orbiculatum A nursalliine pycnodont.
P. goedeli, a related species
Pycnodus P. apodus A pycnodontine pycnodont.

Crossognathiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Platinx P. macropterus A pachyrhizodontid, the last crossognathiform.

Osteoglossiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Foreyichthys F. bolcensis A bonytongue.
Monopteros M. gigas A bonytongue.
Thrissopterus T. catullii A bonytongue, related to the arapaima.

Anguilliformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anguilloides A. branchiostegalis An angulloidid eel.
Bolcanguilla B. brachycephala An eel of uncertain affinities
Bolcyrus B. bajai A conger eel.
B. formosissimus
Dalpiazella D. brevicauda A paranguillid eel.
Eoanguilla E. leptoptera An anguillid eel.
Gazolapodus G. homopterus An eel of uncertain affinities.
Goslinophis G. acuticaudus A snake-eel.
Milananguilla M. lehmani A milanguillid eel.
Paracongroides P. heckeli A conger eel.
Paranguilla P. tigrina A paranguillid eel.
Patavichthys P. bolcensis A patavichthyid eel.
Proteomyrus P. ventralis A proteomyrid eel.
Voltaconger V. latispinus A conger eel.
Whitapodus W. breviculus A false moray.

Clupeiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bolcaichthys B. catopygopterus Pesciara & Monte Postale A true herring. The most common fish of the formation.[7]
Eoalosa E. janvieri Pesciara A shad.[8]
Eoengraulis E. fasoloi Pesciara An anchovy.[9]
Trollichthys T. bolcensis Pesciara A round herring.[10]

Ellimmichthyiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eoellimmichthys E. superstes Pesciara A paraclupeid, the last marine ellimmichthyiform.[11]

Gonorynchiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Chanos C. forcipatus A milkfish.[12]
C. chanos, a related species
Coelogaster C. leptostea A relative of the milkfish.

Otophysi

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Chanoides C. macropoma A stem-otophysan.[13]

Aulopiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Holosteus H. esocinus A barracudina.

Lampriformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
“Pegasus” P. volans Initially placed as a seamoth, but now considered a taenosome lampriform.
Veronavelifer V. sorbinii A sailfin velifer.
Wettonius W. angeloi A sailfin velifer. (=Velifer carosii)

Zeiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bajaichthys B. elegans A zeiform (initially considered a lamprimorph)

Holocentriformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Berybolcensis B. leptacanthus A basal holocentrid.
Eoholocentrum E. macrocephalum A soldierfish.
Tenuicentrum T. lanceolatum A basal holocentrid.

Ophidiiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
"Ophidium" "O." voltianum A cusk-eel.

Kurtiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Apogoniscus A. pauciradiatus A cardinalfish.
Bolcapogon B. johnsoni A cardinalfish.
Eoapogon E. fraseri A cardinalfish.
Eosphaeramia E. pygopterus A cardinalfish.
Leptolumamia L. vetula Monte Postale A cardinalfish.[14]

Gobiiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Carlomonnius C. quasigobius A gobioid of uncertain affinities.[15]

Ovalentaria

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Lorenzichthys L. olihan A damselfish.
Palaeopomacentrus P. orphae A damselfish.
Sorbinichromis S. francescoi A damselfish.

Atheriniformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
"Atherina" "A." macrocephala An Old World silverside.
Latellagnathus L. teruzzii A mesogasterid.
Mesogaster M. sphyraenoides A mesogasterid.
Rhamphognathus R. paralepoides A rhamphognathid.

Beloniformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
“Engraulis” E. evolans A flying fish.
Hemiramphus H. edwardsi A halfbeak.
Rhamphexocoetus R. volans A flying fish.

Carangiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Ceratoichthys C. pinnatiformis A bizarre carangid.
Ductor D. vesternae A ductorid.
Eastmanalepes E. primaevus A carangid.
Lichia L. veronensis A relative of the leerfish.
Mene M. oblonga A moonfish.
M. rhombea
Paratrachinotus P. tenuiceps A carangid.
Seriola S. prisca A relative of amberjacks.
Trachicaranx T. pleuronectiformis A carangid.
Vomeropsis V. triurus A carangid.
Zorzinia Z. postalensis Monte Postale A medusafish.

Istiophoriformes

[edit]
Genus Species Notes Images
Blochius B. longirostris A blochiid billfish.
B. macropterus
Palaeorhynchus P. zorzini A palaeorhynchid billfish.
Sphyraena S. bolcensis A barracuda.

Pleuronectiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Amphistium A. paradoxum Pesciara An amphistiid flatfish.
Eobothus E. minutus Pesciara A flatfish of uncertain affinities.
Heteronectes H. chaneti Monte Postale A potentially amphistiid flatfish.

Syngnathiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Aeoliscoides A. longirostris A shrimpfish.
Aulorhamphus A. bolcensis An aulorhamphid.
A. capellinii
A. chiarasorbiniae
Aulostomoides A. tyleri An indeterminate aulostomoid.
Calamostoma C. breviculum A relative of the ghost pipefish.
Eoaulostomus E. bolcensis A relative of the trumpetfish.
E. gracilis
Fistularioides F. phyllolepis A fistularioidid.
F. veronensis
Jungersenichthys J. elongatus A relative of the trumpetfish.
Macraulostomus M. veronensis A relative of the trumpetfish.
Paraeoliscus P. robinetae A paraeoliscid.
Paramphisile P. weleri A shrimpfish.
Parasynarcualis P. longirostris A parasynarcualid.
Pesciarhamphus P. carnevalei An aulorhamphid.
Prosolenostomus P. lessinii A pipefish.
Pseudosyngnathus P. opisthopterus A fistularioidid.
Pterygocephalus P. paradoxus A relative of the flying gurnards.
Rhamphosus R. biserratus Pesciara A rhamphosid.[16]
R. bloti
R. brevirostris
R. longispinatus
R. rastrum
R. tubulirostris
Solenorhynchus S. elegans A relative of the ghost pipefish.
"Syngnathus" "S." bolcensis A pipefish.
"S." heckeli
Synhypuralis S. banisteri A relative of the trumpetfish.
S. jungerseni
Tyleria T. necopinata A relative of the trumpetfish.
Urosphen U. dubius A urosphenid.
Veronarhamphus V. canossae An aulorhamphid.

Callionymiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Gilmourella G. minuta Pesciara A callonymoid.

Scombriformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Auxides A. propterygius A scombrid.
Godsilia G. lanceolata A scombrid.
Pseudauxides P. speciosus A scombrid.
Thunnoscomberoides T. bolcensis A scombrid.
Veronaphleges V. brunae A euzaphlegid.

Labriformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bellwoodilabrus B. landinii A wrasse.
Eocoris E. bloti A wrasse.
"Labrus" "L." merula (="L." valenciennesi)[17] A labroid of uncertain affinities.
Labrobolcus L. giorgioi Pesciara A wrasse.
Paralabrus P. rossiae Pesciara A presumed wrasse.
Phyllopharyngodon P. longipinnis A wrasse related to hogfish and tuskfishes.[17]
Sorbinia S. caudopunctata A labroid of uncertain affinities.
Zorzinilabrus Z. furcatus Pesciara A wrasse.

Perciformes

[edit]

Using the sensu lato definition of Perciformes and Percoidei:[18]

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acanthopygaeus A. agassizi A relative of rabbitfish.
Acropoma A. lepidotum A lanternbelly.
Aspesiganus A. margaritae A relative of rabbitfish.
Aspesiperca A. ruffoi Possibly a mojarra.
Bassanichthys B. pesciaraensis Pesciara An eocottid.
Blotichthys B. coleanus A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Bolcaperca B. craccorum A percoid of uncertain affinities.[19]
Bradyurus B. alessandroi A percoid of uncertain affinities.[20]
B. szainochae
Callipteryx C. speciosus A callipterygid.[21]
Carangodes C. bicornis A carangodid.
Carangopsis C. brevis A relative of bluefish.
C. dorsalis
Cyclopoma C. gigas Either a temperate perch or a relative of snooks.
Eocottus E. veronensis An eocottid.
Eolates E. gracilis A lates perch.
Eoleiognathus E. dorsalis A ponyfish.
Eoscatophagus E. frontalis A scat.
Exellia E. velifer An exellid.
Frigoichthys F. margaritae A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Frippia F. labriformis A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Gillidia G. antiqua A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Goujetia G. crassispina A snapper.
Hendrixella H. grandei A robertanniid.
Jimtylerius J. temnopterus A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Latellopsis L. latellai A perciform of uncertain affinities.[22]
Lessinia L. horrenda A snapper.
L. sp.
Malacopygaeus M. oblongus A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Montepostalia M. annamariae Monte Postale A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Ottaviania O. leptacanthus A snapper.
O. mariae
Parapelates P. quindecimalis A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Pavarottia P. astescalpone Monte Postale A pavarottiid.[20]
P. lonardonii Monte Postale
P. maiseyi Pesciara
Pristigenys P. substriatus A bigeye.
Psettopsis P. subarcuatus A moonyfish.
Pygaeus P. bolcanus A percoid of uncertain affinities.
P. nobilis
P. nuchalis
Quasimullus Q. sorbinii A quasimullid.
Robertannia R. sorbiniorum A robertanniid.
Ruffoichthys R. bannikovi A relative of rabbitfish.
R. spinosus
Squamibolcoides S. minciottii A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Stefanichthys S. mariannae A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Veranichthys V. ventralis A snapper.
Veronabrax V. schizurus A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Zaiaichthys Z. postalensis A moonyfish.[19]
Z. wattersi

Scorpaeniformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Scorpaenoidei indet. Monte Postale A scorpionfish of uncertain affinities.[23]

Moroniformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Archaephippus A. asper A spadefish.
Eoplatax E. papilio A spadefish.

Acanthuriformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acanthonemus A. subaureus An acanthonemid.
Acanthuroides A. massalongoi A surgeonfish.
Angiolinia A. mirabilis Pesciara A zanclid.
Eorandallius E. elegans A surgeonfish.
E. rectifrons
Eozanclus E. brevirostris A zanclid.
Frigosorbinia F. baldwinae A surgeonfish.
Gazolaichthys G. vestenanovae A surgeonfish.
Lehmanichthys L. lessiniensis A surgeonfish.
Massalongius M. gazolai A massalongiid.
Metacanthurus M. veronensis A surgeonfish.
Metaspisurus M. emmanueli A surgeonfish.
Padovathurus P. gaudryi A surgeonfish.
Pesciarichthys P. punctatus A surgeonfish.
Proacanthurus P. bonatoi A surgeonfish.
P. elongatus
P. ovalis
P. tenuis
Protozebrasoma P. bloti A surgeonfish.
Sorbinithurus S. sorbinii A surgeonfish.
Tauichthys T. aspesae A surgeonfish.
T. padremenini
Tylerichthys T. milani A surgeonfish.
T. nuchalis

Spariformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Abromasta A. microdon A seabream.
"Dentex" "D." microdon A seabream, "D." ventralis is a nomen dubium.
"D." ventralis
Ellaserrata E. monksi A seabream.
Pseudosparnodus P. microstomus A seabream.
Sparnodus S. elongatus A seabream.
S. vulgaris

Caproiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eoantigonia E. veronensis A boarfish.

Lophiiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Caruso C. brachysomus A goosefish.
Eophryne E. barbutii A frogfish.
Histionotophorus H. bassanii A handfish.
Neilpeartia N. ceratoi Pesciara A frogfish.[24]
Orrichthys O. longimanus A handfish.
Sharfia S. mirabilis A goosefish.
Tarkus T. squirei A batfish.

Tetraodontiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bolcabalistes B. varii A bolcabalistid.
Eolactoria E. sorbinii A boxfish.
Eoplectus E. bloti An eoplectid.
Eotetraodon E. pygmaeus A pufferfish.
E. tavernei
Heptadiodon H. echinus A porcupinefish.
Proaracana P. dubia A deepwater boxfish.
Prodiodon P. erinaceus A porcupinefish.
P. tenuispinus
Protacanthodes P. nimesensis A triplespine.
P. ombonii
Protobalistum P. imperiale A protobalistid.
Spinacanthus S. cuneiformis A protobalistid.
Zignoichthys Z. oblongus A zignoichthyid.
Zignodon Z. fornasieroae A porcupinefish.

Percomorpha incertae sedis

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acronuroides A. eocaenicus Pesciara An indeterminate percomorph.
Anorevus A. lorenzonii Pesciara Possibly a stem-flatfish.[25]
Guus G. microcephalus Pesciara A tortonesid (formerly considered a gobioid).
Parapygaeus P. polyacanthus An indeterminate percomorph.
Pietschellus P. aenigmaticus Monte Postale A pietschellid.[26]
Nickcaves N. pterygocephalus Monte Postale A pietschellid.[26]
Quasicichla Q. mucistonaver An indeterminate percomorph.
Quasinectes Q. durello Monte Postale Possibly a stem-flatfish.
Sorbinicapros S. sorbiniorum A sorbinipercid.
Sorbiniperca S. scheuchzeri A sorbinipercid.
Tortonesia T. esilis A tortonesid.
Zorzinichthys Z. annae A zorzinichthyid.

Acanthomorpha incertae sedis

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Oncolepis O. isseli An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities, possibly a goby.[27]
Protoaulopsis P. bolcensis An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.
Xiphopterus X. falcatus An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.

Reptiles

[edit]

Based on Seghetti et al, 2022:[28]

Crocodilia

[edit]
Crocodilians reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Asiatosuchus A. cf. depressifrons Purga di Bolca A crocodyloid, previously classified under "Crocodylus vicetinus"
Boverisuchus B. sp. A planocraniid, previously classified under "C. bolcensis"
Hassiacosuchus H. cf. haupti An alligatorid, previously classified under "C. vicetinus"

A record of "C. cf. vicetinus" that is now assigned to Diplocynodon is thought to actually originate from the Oligocene-aged Monteviale site, as opposed to Bolca.[28]

Testudines

[edit]
Turtles reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Neochelys N. capellinii Purga di Bolca A podocnemidid turtle.
N. franzeni, a related species
"Trionyx" "T". capellinii A softshell turtle.

Squamata

[edit]
Squamates reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anomalophis A. bolcensis Pesciara An anomalophiid snake.
Archaeophis A. proavus A palaeophiid snake.
"Coluber" "C." ombonii Purga di Bolca A snake of uncertain affinities.

Brachiopoda

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
"Terebratula” "T." fumanensis Pesciara A terebratulid.[29]

Mollusca

[edit]

[29]

Bivalvia

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anomia A. sp.
Arcopagia A. erycinoides Monte Postale
Crassostrea C. sparnacensis Monte Postale
Divalinga D. sp Monte Postale
Fimbria F. lamellosa Monte Postale
F. major
Granocardium G. sp. Monte Postale
Katelysia K. texta Monte Postale
Lima L. cf. papillifera
Meiocardia M. carinata Monte Postale
Modiola M. postalensis Monte Postale
Monitilora M. elegans
Orthocardium O. gratum Monte Postale
Pitar P. lunularia Monte Postale
P. parisiensis
Pseudomiltha P. escheri Monte Postale
P. gigantea
Spondylus S. radula Monte Postale
Tellina T. biangularis Monte Postale
T. scalaroides
T. sp.
Venerella V. secunda Monte Postale

Gastropoda

[edit]

Based on:[2][30]

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acteon A. subinflatus Monte Postale
Ampullina A. hybrida Monte Postale
A. vulcani
Archicypraea A. lioyi Monte Postale
Architectonica A. bistriata Monte Postale
Bellatara B. palaeochroma Monte Postale
Bezanconia B. pyrenaica Monte Postale
Calliostoma C. raffaelei Monte Postale
C. mayeri
Campanile C. vicetinum Monte Postale
Cassis C. postalensis Monte Postale
Cepatia C. cepacea Monte Postale
Cerithium C. chaperi Monte Postale
C. fabani
Clanculus C. zignoi Monte Postale
Clavilithes C. rugosus Monte Postale
Cryptoconus C. priscus Monte Postale
Cypraedia C. elegans Monte Postale
C. interposita
Cypraeglobina C. praegnans Monte Postale
Dentellocaracolus D. damnatus Purga di Bolca A helicid land snail.[31]
Dialopsis D. incompleta
Digitolabrum D. princeps Monte Postale
“Drupa” "D." crossei Monte Postale
Hemiconus H. incomptus Monte Postale
Hippeutis H. muzzolonicus Purga di Bolca A freshwater ramshorn snail.[2][32]
Hipponix H. cornucopiae Monte Postale
Homalopoma H. minimum Monte Postale
Leptoconus L. deperditus Monte Postale
Leucodiscus L. helicinoides Monte Postale
Liocarenus L. hilarionis Monte Postale
Littoraria L. postalensis Monte Postale
Melanopsis M. vicetina Purga di Bolca An estuarine melanopsid snail.[2][33]
“Melongena” "M." robusta Monte Postale
Neritopsis N. agassizi Monte Postale
Pachycrommium P. circumfossa Monte Postale
"Patella" "P." boreani Monte Postale
Procyclotopsis P. obtusicosta Purga di Bolca A pomatiid land snail.[2][34][35]
Pseudamaura P. circunfossa Monte Postale
Pseudobellardia P. auriculata Monte Postale
P. gomphoceras
Pseudovertagus P. striatus Monte Postale
Ptychocerithium P. lamellosum Monte Postale
Pyrazopsis P. pentagonatus Monte Postale
Semiterebellum S. postalensis Monte Postale
Seraphs S. convolutum Monte Postale
Tenagodus T. sp Monte Postale
Tympanotonos T. tristriatus Monte Postale
Velates V. schmidelianus Monte Postale
Vermicularia V. biangulatus Monte Postale
Vicetia V. hantkeni Monte Postale
Voluta V. musicalis Monte Postale

Cephalopoda

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Aturia A. ziczac A nautiloid.
A related species.
Bolcaoctopus B. pesciaraensis Pesciara An octopodid octopus with preserved imprints (formerly referred to as "Teuthida" indet.).[36]
Spirulirostra S. georgii Pesciara A spirulid, known from a partial phragmocone.

Annelida

[edit]

[29]

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eunicites E. affinis A eunicid bristleworm.
E. gazolae
E. pinnai
Hirudinea indet. A leech.
Siphonostomites S. hesionoides A bristleworm of uncertain affinities.

The genus Sthenelaites, formerly interpreted as a bristleworm, is now thought to represent a fossilized green algae in the Dasycladaceae.[29]

Arthropods

[edit]

Arachnida

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eoeuscorpius E. ceratoi Pesciara A scorpion, possibly a euscorpiid.[37]
Pseudoscorpiones indet. A possible pseudoscorpion.[37]

Crustacea

[edit]

[29][38]

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Archaeocypoda A. veronensis Pesciara A dorippid crab.
Bolcacalliax B. eocaenica Pesciara A callianassid shrimp.
Enoplonotus E. armatus Pesciara A swimmer crab.
Eolinurus E. desmaresti Pesciara A spiny lobster.[39]
Eotrachynotocarcinus E. airaghii Pesciara A dromiacean crab.
Heterosphaeroma H. veronensis A sphaeromatid isopod.
Justitia J. confusa Pesciara A spiny lobster.[39]
J. sp. Monte Postale
Lessinoachela L. scaligera Pesciara An achelate crustacean of uncertain affinities.[39]
Lophopanopeus L. bolcensis Pesciara A mud crab.
Lophoranina L. maxima Pesciara & Monte Postale A frog crab.
Lysiosquilla L. antiqua A mantis shrimp.
?"Macropipus" "M." ovalipes Pesciara A crab of uncertain affinities.
Majoidea indet. Monte Postale A majoid crab.
Palaega P. acuticauda A cirolanid isopod.
?Parsacus ?P. cristatus Pesciara A slipper lobster.
Penaeus P. bolcensis Pesciara A penaeid prawn.
?P. obtusus
?Pseudobombur ?P. nummuliticus Pesciara A penaeid prawn.
Pseudosquilla P. lessinea A mantis shrimp.
Scyllarides S. bolcensis Monte Postale A slipper lobster.
Sphaeroma S. sp. A sphaeromatid isopod.

Insecta

[edit]

[29][40]

Odonata

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bolcacordulia B. paradoxa Pesciara A bolcacorduliid dragonfly.[41]
Bolcathemis B. nervosa A palaeomacromiid dragonfly.[41][42]
Bolcathore B. colorata A bolcathorid damselfly.[41]

Orthoptera

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Pterotriamescaptor P. tridactylina Pesciara A mole cricket.

Hemiptera

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Halobates H. ruffoi Pesciara A sea skater, the earliest known from the fossil record.
H. matsumurai, a modern species

Diptera

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bibio B. sereri Pesciara A march fly.
B. hortulanus, a modern species.
Dipterites D. angelinii A brachyceran fly.
Gnophomyia G. gentilinii A limoniid crane fly.
G. tristissima, a modern species
Gonomyia G. sp. A limoniid crane fly.
G. alexanderi, a modern species
Tipulidae indet. A tipulid crane fly.

Cnidaria

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Simplicibrachia S. bolcensis Pesciara A rhizostomid jellyfish.[29]

Fungi

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
"Deuteromycetes" indet. Vegroni A fungus on the leaf of Latanites.[2]
"Discomycetes" indet.
Pyrenomycetes indet.
Sphaerites S. eugeniophilus Pesciara-Monte Postale A fungus on the leaf of Eugeniae laurifoliae
Spilosphaerites S. priscus

Plantae

[edit]

Based on Massalongo (1859), though many taxa are form taxa, highly dubious or nomina nuda, and/or use outdated taxonomy:[43][44]

Red algae

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Amansites A. prionomorphus Pesciara-Monte Postale A red alga, possibly a florideophycean.
Ceramites C. codioides A red alga, possibly a ceramiale.
C. floccosa
C. parasitica
C. pectinata
C. sciuroides
C. sphacelarioides
Chondrites C. dasyphyllus A red alga, possibly a florideophycean.
C. dichotomus
C. pollinianus
C. rytiphloeoides
C. tenuissimus
Delesserites D. bolcensis A red alga, possibly a florideophycean.
D. calophyllus
D. dimidiatus
D. heckelianus
D. pinnatus[44]
D. podocarpiphyllus
D. manganottii
D. sessilis
D. ovatus
Melobesites M. membranacea A red alga, possibly coralline alga.
Pterigophycos P. canossae A red algae, possibly a florideophycean, highly variable in leaf shape, indicating that there may not be multiple species.[45]
P. gazolanus
P. pinnatifidus
P. spectabilis
Sphaerococcites S. dendroides A red alga, possibly a florideophycean.
?S. fastigiatus

Green algae

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Aristophycos A. aghardianus Pesciara-Monte Postale An green alga.
Caulerpites C. araucaria An green alga.
Nemalionites N. cristatus An green alga.
N. limacoides

Pteridophytes

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Cystorrhiza C. pillularioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A marsilacean fern.

Gymnosperms

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Podocarpus P. affinis Pesciara-Monte Postale A podocarpacean conifer.
P. bolcensis
P. incisa
P. scolecophylla
P. surianoides
Taxodium T. jacarandaefolium A relative of the bald cypress.

Angiosperms

[edit]

Monocots

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Albucastrum A. perianthioideum Pesciara-Monte Postale A liliacean.
Apludophyton A. cucubaloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A grass.
A. scleroides
Arundinites A. dracenophylla Pesciara-Monte Postale A grass.
Bromelianthus B. heuflerianus Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent bromeliad, but taxonomic assignment disputed.[46]
Castellinia C. ambigua Pesciara-Monte Postale A palm fruit.
C. compressa
C. elliptica
?C. incurva
C. macrocarpa
?C. subrotunda
Caulinites C. divaricatus Pesciara-Monte Postale A seagrass.
C. equisetimorphus
Crinanthus C. fenzlianus Pesciara-Monte Postale A liliacean.
Cyperites C. bolcensis Pesciara-Monte Postale A sedge.
C. eocenus
Geonomites G. saturnia Vegroni[2] A palm leaf.
Halochloris H. castelliniana Pesciara-Monte Postale A seagrass.
H. cymodoceoides
H. fluitans
H. meneghinii
H. stolonifera
H. striata
H. subsecunda
H. ungeri
H. veronensis
Latanites L. brocchiana Vegroni A palm, whole trees sometimes preserved.
L. galilejana Vegroni
L. parvula Pesciara-Monte Postale
L. pinnata Vegroni
L. praticinensis Vegroni & Purga di Bolca[2]
L. vegronum Vegroni
Palaeorchis P. rhizoma Pesciara-Monte Postale An orchid.
Palaeospathe P. elliptica Pesciara-Monte Postale A palm fruit.
P. lata
Phoenicites P. danteana Vegroni A palm leaf.
P. veronensis
P. wettinioides
Poacites P. juncoides Pesciara-Monte Postale A grass.
Posidocea P. frickhingeri Pesciara-Monte Postale A posidoniacean seagrass. Taxonomy affinity uncertain, as floral structures differ from those of Posidonia.[47][48]
Protorchis P. monorchis Pesciara-Monte Postale An orchid.
Ruppia R. aristata Pesciara-Monte Postale A wigeongrass.
?Smilacites ?S. lancea Pesciara-Monte Postale A smilacean.
"Thecophyllum" T. flabellatum Pesciara-Monte Postale A palm.
Stratiotes (=Folliculites) S. kaltennordheimensis Purga di Bolca A water-soldier (formerly considered a potential casuarinacean)[49]
Typhaeloipum T. spadae Pesciara-Monte Postale A cattail relative.
Zannichelliopsis Z. repens Pesciara-Monte Postale A seagrass.

"Dicots"

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anadenia A. italica Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent grevillea.
Andromeda A. biloba Pesciara-Monte Postale A relative of the bog-rosemary.
A. cincinnati
A. latina
A. palaeogaea
A. santalina
A. stillingioides
A. tromodophylla
A. visianii
Banksia B. longifolia Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent banksia.
Bignonia B. boroniaefolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A bignonia.
B. limoniaefolia
B. moringaefolia
Bumelia B. buxioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A bully tree.
B. calceolarii
B. clusiaefolia
B. cuneifolia
Calligonopsis C. pallasioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A knotweed.
C. strumphsioides
Ceratophyllum C. cuspidatum Pesciara-Monte Postale A coontail.
Cinnamomum C. antiquum Pesciara-Monte Postale A cinnamon.
C. veronense
Dryandra D. chironis Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent dryandra.
D. meneghinii
D. veronensis
Ficus F. bolcensis Pesciara-Monte Postale A fig.
F. coelestis
F. poniana
F. psichotrioides
F. veronensis
Gautiera G. trichoides Pesciara-Monte Postale A wintergreen.
Glossophium G. eocenum Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent riverweed.
G. proliferum
Jacaranda J. italica Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent jacaranda.
J. speciosa
Leptomeria L. distans Pesciara-Monte Postale A mistletoe.
L. gracilis
L. psilotina
Maffeja M. ceratophylloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A riverweed.
Manglesia M. synaphaeaefolia Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent grevillea.
Myrica M. zig-zag Pesciara-Monte Postale A bayberry.
Protea P. glossa Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent sugarbush.
Santalum S. memecyloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A sandalwood.
Sapotacites S. oleaefolius Pesciara-Monte Postale A sapotacean.
Quercus Q. vegronia Vegroni An oak.
Tympanophora T. bracteosa Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent riverweed.
T. discophora
T. turbinata
Vaccinium V. convolvulinum Pesciara-Monte Postale A blueberry.
Villarsites V. ungeri Pesciara-Monte Postale A gentian.

Chromista

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Dictyotites D. aspergillum Pesciara-Monte Postale A brown alga.
D. menegazzianus
D. radiatus
D. rigidus
D. stipitatus
Laminarites L. irideaephyllus A brown alga.
L. lamourouxii
L. macrophyllus
L. scolopendra
L. vestenae
Pasinia ?P. ambigua A brown alga.
P. elliptica
P. incurva
P. ovalis
P. pyriformis
P. rotundata
Postelsiopsis P. caput-medusae A kelp similar in form to the sea palm.[44]
Zonarites Z. chlorophlegma A brown alga.
Z. flagellaris
Z. fuliginosus

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Tyler, James C.; Zorzin, Roberto; Carnevale, Giorgio (2016-07-15). "Controlled excavations in the Pesciara and Monte Postale sites provide new insights about the palaeoecology and taphonomy of the fish assemblages of the Eocene Bolca Konservat-Lagerstätte, Italy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 454: 228–245. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.04.021. ISSN 0031-0182.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Purga di Bolca-Vegroni sites". iris.cnr.it. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  3. ^ a b Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Kriwet, Jürgen (2021). "Diversity, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental significance of the Eocene chondrichthyan assemblages of the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy". Lethaia. 54 (5): 736–751. doi:10.1111/let.12436. ISSN 0024-1164. PMC 9291491. PMID 35873368.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  4. ^ Marramà, G.; Villalobos-Segura, E.; Zorzin, R.; Kriwet, J.; Carnevale, G. (2023). "The evolutionary origin of the durophagous pelagic stingray ecomorph". Palaeontology. 66 (4). e12669. Bibcode:2023Palgy..6612669M. doi:10.1111/pala.12669. PMC 7614867. PMID 37533696.
  5. ^ Carnevale, G.; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Marramà, G.; Tyler, James C.; Zorzin., R. (2014). "The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte: A window into the Eocene World. 5. The Pesciara- Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates. Excursion guide" (PDF). Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 4 (1): i–xxvii. hdl:10088/25678.
  6. ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016-02-22). Fishes of the World. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  7. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2015-11-02). "The Eocene sardine † Bolcaichthys catopygopterus (Woodward, 1901) from Monte Bolca, Italy: osteology, taxonomy, and paleobiology". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (6): e1014490. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1014490. ISSN 0272-4634.
  8. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2018). "Eoalosa janvieri gen. et sp. nov., a new clupeid fish (Teleostei, Clupeiformes) from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy". PalZ. 92 (1): 107–120. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0378-0. ISSN 1867-6812. PMC 5830460. PMID 29515269.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  9. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2016). "An Eocene anchovy from Monte Bolca, Italy: The earliest known record for the family Engraulidae". Geological Magazine. 153 (1): 84–94. doi:10.1017/S0016756815000278. ISSN 0016-7568.
  10. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2014). "Eocene round herring (Teleostei: Clupeidae) from Monte Bolca, Italy". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00057.2014. ISSN 0567-7920.
  11. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Kriwet, Jürgen; Carnevale, Giorgio (2019). Cavin, Lionel (ed.). "An Eocene paraclupeid fish (Teleostei, Ellimmichthyiformes) from Bolca, Italy: the youngest marine record of double‐armoured herrings". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (1): 83–98. doi:10.1002/spp2.1230. ISSN 2056-2799. PMC 6392134. PMID 30854219.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  12. ^ Fara, Emmanuel; Gayet, Mireille; Taverne, Louis (2010-01-01), "The Fossil Record of Gonorynchiformes", Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships, CRC Press, pp. 173–226, ISBN 978-0-429-06156-1, retrieved 2024-07-11
  13. ^ Mayrinck, D.; Brito, P. M.; Otero, O. (2015-05-04). "Review of the osteology of the fossil fish formerly attributed to the genus † Chanoides and implications for the definition of otophysan bony characters". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (5): 397–420. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.893260. ISSN 1477-2019.
  14. ^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  15. ^ "†Carlomonnius quasigobius gen. et sp. nov.: the first gobioid fish from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy". iris.unito.it. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  16. ^ CALZONI, PIETRO; AMALFITANO, JACOPO; GIUSBERTI, LUCA; MARRAMÀ, GIUSEPPE; CARNEVALE, GIORGIO (2023-10-03). "EOCENE RHAMPHOSIDAE (TELEOSTEI: SYNGNATHIFORMES) FROM THE BOLCA LAGERSTÄTTE, ITALY". RIVISTA ITALIANA DI PALEONTOLOGIA E STRATIGRAFIA (in Italian). 129 (3). doi:10.54103/2039-4942/20707. ISSN 2039-4942.
  17. ^ a b Bellwood, David R.; Schultz, Ortwin; Siqueira, Alexandre C.; Cowman, Peter F. (2019). "A review of the fossil record of the Labridae". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie A für Mineralogie und Petrographie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Anthropologie und Prähistorie. 121: 125–194. ISSN 0255-0091.
  18. ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016-02-22). Fishes of the World. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  19. ^ a b Museo, Comune Verona- (2019-10-17). "Museo di Storia Naturale - Vol. 23 (2023)". museodistorianaturale.comune.verona.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  20. ^ a b Museo, Comune Verona- (2019-10-17). "Museo di Storia Naturale - Vol. 22 (2022)". museodistorianaturale.comune.verona.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  21. ^ Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Zorzin, Roberto (2023). "On the osteology and relationships of the genus †Callipteryx Agassiz (Perciformes s.l.) from the Eocene of Bolca in northern Italy" (PDF). Studi e ricerche sui giacimenti terziari di Bolca, XXIII - Miscellanea Paleontologica. 20: 35–44.
  22. ^ Alexandre F. Bannikov; Roberto Zorzin (2019). "A new genus and species of incertae sedis percomorph fish (Perciformes) from the Eocene of Bolca in northern Italy, and a new genus for Psettopsis latellai Bannikov, 2005" (PDF). Studi e Ricerche Sui Giacimenti Terziari di Bolca, XIX - Miscellanea Paleontologica. 16: 5–15.
  23. ^ Maramma, Giuseppe; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Carnevale, Giorgio (2020). "An Eocene scorpionfish from Monte Postale (Bolca Lagerstätte, northeastern Italy)" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 59 (2): 105–112.
  24. ^ Carnevale, Giorgio; Pietsch, Theodore W.; Bonde, Niels; Leal, Maria E. C.; Marramà, Giuseppe (2020-03-03). "† Neilpeartia ceratoi , gen. et sp. nov., a new frogfish from the Eocene of Bolca, Italy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (2): e1778711. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1778711. ISSN 0272-4634.
  25. ^ "IRMNG - Anorevus Bannikov & Zorzin, 2020". www.irmng.org. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  26. ^ a b Carnevale, G.; Bannikov, A. F. (2015). "Pietschellidae fam. nov., a new family of miniature percomorph fishes from the Eocene of Bolca, with the description of a new genus and species". Studie ricerche sui giacimenti terziari di Bolca, XVI - Miscellanea Paleontologica. 13.
  27. ^ Liu, Shang-Yin Vanson; Frédérich, Bruno; Lavoué, Sébastien; Chang, Jonathan; Erdmann, Mark V.; Mahardika, Gusti Ngurah; Barber, Paul H. (2018-08-01). "Buccal venom gland associates with increased of diversification rate in the fang blenny fish Meiacanthus (Blenniidae; Teleostei)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 125: 138–146. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.027. ISSN 1055-7903.
  28. ^ a b Seghetti, Simone Matteo; Georgalis, Georgios L.; Tschopp, Emanuel; Delfino, Massimo (2022-08-03). "A historical overview of the reptile fauna from the Eocene Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte (Italy)". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 61 (2): 119–143. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2022.14. ISSN 0375-7633.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g "7. The Pesciara-Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 4. The "minor fauna" of the laminites". www.research.unipd.it. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  30. ^ Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft.; Gesellschaft, Deutsche Geologische (1895). Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. Vol. Bd.47 (1895) [Incomplete]. [Berlin: Wilhelm Hertz.
  31. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Helix damnata Brongniart, 1823 †". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  32. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Hippeutis muzzolonicus (Oppenheim, 1895) †". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  33. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Melanopsis vicentina Oppenheim, 1890 †". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  34. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Procyclotopsis obtusicosta (F. Sandberger, 1870) †". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  35. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Procyclotopsis bolcensis (Oppenheim, 1895) †". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  36. ^ Mironenko, Aleksandr; Giusberti, Luca; Serafini, Giovanni; Zorzin, Roberto; Bannikov, Alexandre F. (2024-09-16). "THE FIRST CENOZOIC OCTOPOD: A LOWER EOCENE RECORD FROM BOLCA, NORTHEASTERN ITALY". RIVISTA ITALIANA DI PALEONTOLOGIA E STRATIGRAFIA. 130 (3). doi:10.54103/2039-4942/23207. ISSN 2039-4942.
  37. ^ a b Kühl, Gabriele; Lourenço, Wilson R. (2017-09-01). "A new genus and species of fossil scorpion (?Euscorpiidae) from the Early–Middle Eocene of Pesciara (Bolca, Italy)". PalZ. 91 (3): 283–290. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0372-6. ISSN 1867-6812.
  38. ^ Pasini, Giovanni; Garassino, Alessandro; De Angeli, Antonio; Hyžný, Matúš; Giusberti, Luca; Zorzin, Roberto (2019-09-25). "Eocene decapod faunas from the Konservat-Lagerstätten laminites of "Pesciara" (Bolca, Verona) and Monte Postale (Altissimo, Vicenza) in northeast Italy: a review and update". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen: 233–270. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0840.
  39. ^ a b c "An unexpected Cenozoic record of palinurid lobsters (Achelata) from the lower Eocene of "Pesciara" (Bolca, Verona) and Monte Postale (Altissimo, Vicenza), northeastern Italy". www.research.unipd.it. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
  40. ^ "PBDB Collection". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  41. ^ a b c Gentilini, Giuseppe (2002). "Fossil damselflies and dragonflies from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy (Insecta: Odonata" (PDF). Studi e Ricerche sui Giacimenti Terziari di Bolca, IX, Miscellanea Paleontologica. 6: 7–22.
  42. ^ Petrulevičius, Julián F.; Nel, André (2007). "Enigmatic and little known Odonata (Insecta) from the Paleogene of Patagonia and Northwest Argentina". Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.). 43 (3): 341–347. doi:10.1080/00379271.2007.10697530. ISSN 0037-9271.
  43. ^ Massalongo, Abramo Bartolo (1859). Syllabus plantarum fossilium: Hucusque in formationibus tertiariis agri Veneti detectarum (in Latin). Merlo.
  44. ^ a b c Wilde, Volker; Roghi, Guido; Martinetto, Edoardo (2014). "The Pesciara-Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 3. Flora" (PDF). Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana (4): 65–71.
  45. ^ Muzeum, Národní. "78-1". National museum. Retrieved 2024-09-16.
  46. ^ Kessous, Igor Musauer; Neves, Beatriz; Salgueiro, Fabiano; da Costa, Andrea Ferreira (2021). "A 100‐Million‐Year Gap in the Knowledge of the Evolutionary History of Bromeliaceae: A Brief Review of Fossil Records". Feddes Repertorium. 132 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1002/fedr.202000035. ISSN 0014-8962.
  47. ^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
  48. ^ Larkum, Anthony W. D.; Waycott, Michelle; Conran, John G. (2018), Larkum, Anthony W. D.; Kendrick, Gary A.; Ralph, Peter J. (eds.), "Evolution and Biogeography of Seagrasses", Seagrasses of Australia: Structure, Ecology and Conservation, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3–29, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71354-0_1, ISBN 978-3-319-71354-0, retrieved 2024-09-27
  49. ^ Chandler, Marjorie Elizabeth Jane (1923). "The Geological History of the Genus Stratiotes : an Account of the Evolutionary Changes which have occurred within the Genus during Tertiary and Quaternary Times". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 79 (1–4): 117–138. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1923.079.01-04.09. ISSN 0370-291X.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Geekgecko/sandbox&oldid=1249028522"