Joseph Stalin thought of Ivan as a good leader and didn't think he had any mental illnesses. Some say that Peter I of Russia is worse than Ivan.
Ivan's grandfather is Mamai. His mother was poisoned when he was nine. His younger brother is a deaf mute. Anyone who befriended the boys the boyars would torture and kill them. They would make the boys watch.
Ivan would torture animals in the ways that he saw people torture people.
At a young age the boyars ran in searching for the Metropolitan bishop. Soon as he learned out how to ride he would ride through town and whip people in the face.
At the age of 13 he ordered the guards to feed a powerful boyar to his dogs. After this point in time he found his true strength.
He wrote music, read anything he could find, etc. yet he would be known for how strict and horrible he was.
He wanted to find a new symbol to show his strength (age 16).
No independence in Veliky Novgorod. No democracy in Russia since. All of subjects should follow him and obey him unless he isn't acting in a christian way. If he isn't acting in a Christian people should be willing to suffer under an unjust ruler. A women who killed her husband is now considered a state killer (she is to be buried alive). A man has no penalty if he kills his wife. Only old women can go to church. Arranged Marriage, couples don't live with parents and have complete control over their own children this means you can sell your own children into slavery. At the age of 15 a male must join the military.
Sudebnik of 1497
Caught the first time taken to the market place and flogged with the Knout.
Caught the second time and you are sentence to death.
People want a pure spirit. Monasteries skyrocketed in popularity.
Sergius of Radonezh
More people went to see St. Sergius of Radonezh's grave than went to Lenin's.
Sergius decided to wear rags even into famedom.
Many believe that they beat the mongols due to his blessings on the battle.
Strigolniki
Put the church down due to the church taking money out of the "churches" pockets. They were excuted by being thrown into the novogrod river.
Judaizers
They are burnt at the stake by standing up to the church and believe you should see religion rationally.
"Holy Fool"
A person who seems to be foolish would be put on a pedestal because they are seen as holy. Because they have a "higher wisdom". Almost Forest Gumpish.
-They take a view of morality that is relativistic.
-Man sets himself apart primarily through his ability to provide his own sustenance. (Subsistence)
-Man controls his means of production for his subsistence.
-This means not only physical subsistence but instead a whole-life subsistence.
-Material production
-Mental activities (Law, Morality, Religion, etc.) of individuals are necessarily shaped by their place in the material world.
-The way an individual thinks about (eg.) morality will be dependent upon his place in the world (society). M&E - Morality differs in each person, but similar sentiments arise in people with similar backgrounds/social positions/etc.
-Natural Selection
-Darwin says that humans and other animals are distinct primarily because the former has a "moral sense" or conscience while the later does not.
-Believes that if other animals were as intelligent as humans then they would become moral as well.
-What is best for the group (and in-particular, others in the group) is what is moral.
-Focuses on animals with developed social instincts.
-We see animals that place themselves in danger in order to help others of their community.
-This is not moral behavior, but if these animals were rational, than we might be able to say that it is.
-If animals became rational, Darwin believes that this social instinct would be the driving force behind their morality.
-Man is rational and man is social. Since Darwin has shown that the social instinct would be the driving force behind the morality behind animals -Were they both social & rational- If thus follows that the social instinct is what drives human morality. Friedrich Nietzsche
-Herd Morality
-Back when there used to be a "common enemy", the traits of bloodlust, domination and competition were honored and fostered within society.
-These are desired traits when they are beneficial to society.
-Now that there is general peace, these traits are seen as "dangerous" & evil.
-Really any trait that might challenge the status quo is feared, and those who posses it are shunned.
-Morality is decided not by the common good, but what is good for the status quo.
-"The "Lambs" and even more the "Sheep" gain respect," ~ Friedrich Neitzsche
Ivan IV of Russia
He created the Streltsy.
The more land you own the more you have to give to the military.
Expanded local government.
wouldn't allow you to will land to the monastry.
Moves eastward and takes over Kazan.
He does this at age of 21/22.
He creates Oprichnik after he comes back from his hunting lodge.
Dies at the age of 53.
His body was full of mercury, which may have driven him crazy.
He didn't like what his daughter law didnt like wearing. Ivan's son steps in and his son is beaten into a coma and dies, later from the beating the daughter in law dies.
Saint Basil
Saint Basil was a "holy fool" and Saint Basil's Cathedral in moscow was named after him.
Anastasia
In 1516 Anastasia dies. Ivan believes it to be poison. This is considered to be the line between (marries 6 more times) the good times and bad times. He offers his hand to queen elizabeth for marriage.
Fyodor
Fyodor (Fedor) is mentally handicapped ("Holy Fool") known as bellringer.
Boris Gudunov
After Ivans death people abandoned the towns.
Boyars start fighting for power with Boris Gudunov in the best placement. Boris had his sister, Irina, marry Fyodor. Boris restricts peasants from leaving their land. He lowered the rich taxes. He gave the metropolitan a promotion allowing him to become a patriarch. Further separates Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholics. Boris sent his wife to a covenant. Boris becomes the new Czar. Famine hit for 3 years, he desperately tried to help his people. Boris dies
False Dimitri (I,II,III)
Gets help from polish supporters & the Cossacks.
Cossak Leader - Hetman/ataman.
Moves to moscow and becomes the new czar.
Marries a polish catholic.
Gets murdered by a boyar.
Original Dimitri becomes Saint Dimitri.
Shuiski has false dimitri killed. and chases down bolotnikov and peter. He has peter publicly hanged.
Bolotnikov has a rebellion
Peter son of fyodor helps Bolotnikov.
False Dimitri II
Marches on Moscow with Cossacks.
False Dimitri III
Shows up at Piscob
The people, in 1612, kick out the polish.
Diarchy between Michael Romanov and Feodor Romanov.
Cultural Super-Egos can be extrapolated from the super-egos of the members of that culture.
Constant struggle between the individual's desire for happiness and his desire for human companionship.
Ethics - The primary means by which people (individuals & society) protect themselves from the aggressions of others.
"Law of Love" - "Love your neighbor as you love yourself."
Carol Gilligan
-Recognizes differences in moral sensitivities of men and women.
-Science is often claimed to be value neutral.
-Social Sciences have been pointed to, in recent times, as perhaps not as gender neutral.
Psychological development theory
-Start with males come up with theory
-Try to fit women into their theories about men.
-Remember women exist too
Gilligan believes that men and women differ in their approaches to ethics, but we should not set them against each other and use one as the standard for measuring.
How should we behave in response to prior actions or agreements?
Chimpanzee Justice
-Chimps display memories
-Display forgiveness
-Behavior is dependant upon how others have treated them in the past. Trench Warfar
Live and Let Live
-Truces, covert and tacit; never with the approval the commanders.
!Kung
-Southern Africa ->Elaborate system of gift giving.
-I give you a gift, you must later return the favor.
Kulu Ring (Papua New Guinea
-Bracelet & Necklaces
-Bound by tradition and social rules/norms.
-Displays friendship among the islands.
-Another benefit is trade of the kulu items fosters trade of other "Normal" goods as well.
Confucius (~600BC)
-Junzi = Gentlemen/Prince
-"Reverse Golden Rule"
-"Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you."
-Don't harm others if you don't want to be harmed.
-Reciprocity (& Loyalty) Code of Hammurabi
-Retributive Justice ("eye for an eye") Jesus
-Says to disregard the "Old Laws" (ie old testament) and instead live by the rules that he gives.
-Focuses on Love, Kindness, Forgiveness, etc.
-Pragmatic reading
-Note that Jesus says if someone strikes your right cheek then you should offer them your left as well.
Alexis
Mount Athos
Maxim the Greek
Nikon
Old Believers
Avvakum
Jesus = Iesus - Isus
Peter the Great - alexis' 14th child
Fedor - Ivan - Peter (alexis' three living kids)
Streltsy
Sophia - Peter's sister
Preobazhenskoe
Eudokia
Sea of Azov
The Great Embassy
Charles the XII
Neva River
Mazepa
The Battle of Poltava
The Treaty of Nystadt
Bering
Synod
Table of ranks
Imperator
Privy Council
Slavaphile
Secret Chancellery
The Second Time of Troubles
Nature vs. Nurture Nature
In-breeding causes harmful genetic outcomes. Nurture
Social prohibitions against marrying/procreating with family members. ---
Social Norms
-Alpha Male disallows these males to procreate.
-Dewall argues that this is genetically motivated.
-Jealousy
-Each female can only be impregnated by 1 male.
-But -> Females will desire to breed with the most socially powerful male; so it seems like they would only want the alpha-male anyways.
Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Great Britain, Austria)
Arakcheev
Golitsyn
Constantine
Morganatic
Nicholas (The Iron Czar)
Slavophiles
Orthodoxy - Nationality - Autocracy
Third Section
Stankevich Circle
Hegel - Dialectic
Thesis v. antithesis ->synthesis v. antithesis = Thesis v. antithesis -> synthesis v. antithesis (etc.)
ex// Romans v. Germans -> Medieval Society
Alexander Herzen - 1848 - The year of revolutions
Mir
Petrashevsky
1854-6 = Karmian War
Sevastapol
-Thinks that these types of principles do exist, but says that they are generalities and that to apply them to our lives we need other methods.
-We should work at distinguishing relevant differences between things from irrelevant differences.
-Prudence says that we shouldn't prefer the presence to the future.
-Benevolence says that we shouldn't prefer ourselves to other people. Westermarck
-Ethics is a product of society and social interaction.
-The earliest societies set the ethics as we understand it today.
-Even as people study ethics they still reach the same ethical conclusions as the uneducated ("men in the street").
-Even, though as we come to similar conclusions most of the time, there will always be disagreements of some sort.
-"The emotional constitution of man does not present the same uniformity as the human intellect." Wittgenstien
-Language is perfectly suited to describing and discussing science -> facts.
-Ethics, though, is not concerned with facts. Ethics is the study of that which is good/valuable/makes life worth living/etc.
-We use language to approximate what we mean by ethical or aesthetic ideals, but we are always limited to these approximations ("smilies").
-If we use smilies to describe an experience, then we should able to accurately and precisely describe that experience as well.
Roman vs Barbarians
World vs Looting (economies)
Feudal Society vs Church
Barter vs Parasite
Nation State vs Working Men
Buegouse vs
capitalist vs
classless
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